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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="zh" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1.xsd"><front><journal-meta><!-- 出版商赋予期刊ID--><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">YIKE</journal-id><journal-title-group><!-- 期刊中文全称--><journal-title>安徽医科大学学报</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文全称--><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</abbrev-journal-title><!-- 期刊中文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">安徽医科大学学报</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><!-- 期刊ISSN号--><issn pub-type="ppub">1000-1492</issn><!-- 期刊CN号--><issn pub-type="cn">34-1065/R</issn><publisher><!--出版商英文名称【预置实体】 待确认 --><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Anhui Lianzhong Printing Limited Company</publisher-name><!--出版商英文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc xml:lang="en">Editorial Board of Acta Universitatis Medi-cinalis Anhui Meishan Road , Hefei 230032</publisher-loc><!-- 出版商中文名称【预置实体】--><publisher-name>《安徽医科大学学报》编辑部</publisher-name><!--出版商中文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc>安徽省合肥市安徽医科大学校内老图书馆三楼</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">20 V221 张 文</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1000–1492（2026）04–0677–06</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.011</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="clc"><subject>R382.5</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="dc"><subject>A</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>基础医学研究</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>氧自由基介导富勒烯C60对DHPN诱导肺肿瘤的促进作用</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Reactive oxygen species mediate promoting effect of fullerene C60 on DHPN-induced lung tumors</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>张</surname><given-names>文</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Wen</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>徐</surname><given-names>结苟</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Jiegou</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna2"/></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><label>1</label><institution>安徽医科大学免疫学教研室</institution>，<city>合肥</city>  <postal-code>230032</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label><institution>Dept of Immunology， Anhui Medical University</institution>， <city>Hefei</city>     <postal-code>230032</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><label>2</label><institution>皖西卫生职业学院医学技术系医学检验教研室</institution>，<city>六安</city>  <postal-code>237005</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label><institution>Medical Laboratory Teaching and Research Section， Department of Medical Technology， West Anhui Health Vocational College， Lu’an</institution>　<postal-code>237005</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp xml:lang="en" id="cor1"><named-content content-type="corresp-name">Xu Jiegou</named-content>， E-mail： <email>xujiegou@ahmu.edu.cn</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna1"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">张  文</named-content>，女，硕士研究生</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna2"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">徐结苟</named-content>，男，博士，教授，硕士生导师，通信作者，E-mail：<email>xujiegou@ahmu.edu.cn</email></p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-03T13：17：20"><day>03</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>677</fpage><lpage>681</lpage><page-range>677-681</page-range>  <history><date date-type="received">        <day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history>  <abstract abstract-type="key-points"><sec><title>目的</title><p>探讨气管内喷雾的高浓度富勒烯C60对N-双（2-羟丙基）亚硝胺（DHPN）诱导的肺肿瘤发生是否有促进作用及其机制。</p></sec><sec><title>方法</title><p>采用DHPN饮水法诱导建立大鼠肺肿瘤模型，将8周龄雄性Fisher 344大鼠随机分为5组（<italic>n</italic> =15）：DHPN+Veh组（0.2% DHPN+对照溶液）、DHPN+C60-L组（0.2% DHPN+250 μg/mL C60）、DHPN+C60-H组（0.2% DHPN+500 μg/mL C60）、DHPN组（0.2% DHPN）和C60-H组（正常饮水+500 μg/mL C60）。饮水中给予0.2% DHPN，启动致癌过程，2周后，采用气管内喷雾的方法，给予不同浓度的富勒烯C60，每2周喷雾1次，共20次；第20次喷雾2周后，统计肺肿瘤（腺瘤和腺癌）的发生率、数目和大小。在另外机制研究的动物实验中，8周龄雄性Fisher 344大鼠共分C60处理组和溶剂对照组（<italic>n</italic> =5），采用气管内喷雾的方法，给予500 μg/mL的富勒烯C60或对照溶液，每2 d喷雾1次，共5次；最后1次喷雾的6 h后，摘取肺，用于观察肺组织中富勒烯C60的分布以及检测肺组织抽提液中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）、细胞因子含量。</p></sec><sec><title>结果</title><p>C60-H组中没有观察到肺肿瘤的发生；DHPN+C60-H组肺肿瘤的发生率、数目和大小高于DHPN+Veh组（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001， <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）和DHPN组（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001， <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）。在另外机制研究的动物实验中，C60处理组SOD与8-OHdG水平均高于溶剂对照组（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001和0.001），具有明显差异。</p></sec><sec><title>结论</title><p>气管内喷雾的高浓度富勒烯C60促进了DHPN诱导的肺肿瘤发生；C60导致了氧自由基产生增加，促进基因突变可能是C60促进肺肿瘤发生的机制之一。</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract abstract-type="key-points" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>To investigate whether fullerene C60 administered by intratracheal spraying promotes N-bis （2-hydroxypropyl） nitrosamine （DHPN） induced-lung tumor development and the underlying mechanisms.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A rat lung tumor model was induced by the DHPN drinking water method. Eight-week-old male Fisher 344 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups （<italic>n </italic>= 15）： DHPN+Veh group （0.2% DHPN + vehicle solution）， DHPN+C60-L group （0.2% DHPN + 250 μg/mL C60）， DHPN+C60-H group （0.2% DHPN + 500 μg/mL C60）， DHPN group （0.2% DHPN）， and C60-H group （normal drinking water + 500 μg/mL C60）. 0.2% DHPN in drinking water was given to initiate carcinogenesis， and 2 weeks later， different concentrations of fullerene C60 were administered by intratracheal spraying every two weeks for a total of 20 times. Two weeks after the last spraying， the incidence， number and size of lung tumors were statistically analyzed. In another mechanism animal experiment， 8-week-old male Fisher rats were divided into two groups with 5 rats in each group： C60 group and the control vehicle group. 500 μg/mL C60 or the control vehicle intratracheally sprayed every two days for a total of 5 times. Six hours after the last spraying， the lungs were removed and used for observation of C60 distribution and for detection of SOD， 8-OHdG and cytokines in lung tissues.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>No lung tumorigenesis was observed in the C60-H group； the incidence， number and size of lung tumors in the DHPN+C60-H group were significantly higher than those in the DHPN+Veh group （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05， <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001， <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05） and the DHPN group （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01， <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001， <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）， respectively. In additional animal experiments designed for mechanistic investigation， the levels of SOD and 8-OHdG in the experimental group were markedly elevated compared with the control group （both <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001）， with statistically significant differences.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Intratracheal nebulization of high-concentration fullerene C60 promoted DHPN-induced lung tumorigenesis； C60 led to an increase in reactive oxygen species （ROS） production， thereby elevating the potential for gene mutation. This may represent one of the mechanisms underlying C60-induced promotion of lung tumorigenesis.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>富勒烯C60</kwd><kwd>肺肿瘤</kwd><kwd>N-双（2-羟丙基）亚硝胺</kwd><kwd>气管内喷雾</kwd><kwd>Fisher 344大鼠</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>fullerene C60</kwd><kwd>lung tumor</kwd><kwd>N-bis （2-hydroxypropyl） nitrosamine</kwd><kwd>intratracheal spraying</kwd><kwd>Fisher 344 rats</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>安徽省重点研究和开发计划对外科技合作项目</funding-source><award-id>201904b11020024</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>安徽省重点研究和开发计划对外科技合作项目（编号：201904b11020024）</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><award-group><funding-source>Fund program  Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province for Foreign Cooperation in Science and Technology</funding-source><award-id>201904b11020024</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province for Foreign Cooperation in Science and Technology （No. 201904b11020024）</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="5"/><table-count count="3"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="14"/><page-count count="5"/><word-count count="14292"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>version</meta-name><meta-value>1.0.0.25070</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>structure-time</meta-name><meta-value>2026-05-28T13:07:35</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>word-source</meta-name><meta-value>FX</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>富勒烯C60（fullerene C60，C60）是碳的主要同素异形体，广泛用于微电子<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>、光伏<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>］</sup>、电池<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>］</sup>、水处理<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>］</sup>和药物输送<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>］</sup>等领域。人体暴露可能通过吸入、皮肤和/或肠外途径发生<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>］</sup>。在啮齿类动物中，肺部暴露于C60已被证明可诱发炎症、免疫毒性和呼吸毒性<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>］</sup>。当C60浓度达到30 mg/m<sup>3</sup>时，大鼠的肺部会出现明显的慢性活动性炎症和组织细胞浸润<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>］</sup>。但目前关于C60暴露后的生物相互作用及毒性效应研究仍较为匮乏，其对肺组织的潜在致癌作用及相关机制尚未明确。N-双（2-羟丙基）亚硝胺［N-bis （2-hydroxypropyl），DHPN］是经典的肺肿瘤诱导剂，可通过内源性途径介导氧自由基生成，进而启动肺肿瘤的发生进程；而C60亦可通过氧自由基作为核心介导因子，与DHPN的致瘤效应产生协同作用，共同促进DHPN诱导的肺肿瘤发生与发展。二者的协同作用可能依赖于氧自由基介导的氧化应激、DNA损伤及炎症反应等关键通路，这也是本研究探究C60肺肿瘤促发效应的核心研究体系。化学致癌是一个多阶段、慢进程的复杂过程，二阶段致癌法可在较短时间内明确受试物的肿瘤促发作用，本研究拟采用该方法，系统观察气管内喷雾的高浓度C60对DHPN诱导肺肿瘤的促进效应，并深入探讨其潜在作用机制，为C60的职业暴露防护及环境风险评估提供实验依据。</p><sec id="s1"><label>1</label><title>材料与方法</title><sec id="s1a"><label>1.1</label><title>实验动物和材料</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">85只Fisher344大鼠，雄性，8周龄，购自日本神奈川Charles River动物中心。该研究经名古屋市立大学实验动物伦理道德委员会批准（编号：20200173）。5 mg C60（美国Sigma-Aldrich公司；货号：CN379646）悬浮于10 mL含0.5%非离子分散剂Pluronic F68（美国Sigma-Aldrich公司；货号：P5556）的生理盐水中，然后用组织匀浆机（瑞士Kinematica公司；型号：PT1600E）以3 000 r/min研磨1 min，冷却，反复4次，制成500 μg/mL的C60悬液。气管内喷雾前超声振动30 min，减少C60集聚。</p></sec><sec id="s1b"><label>1.2</label><title>气管内喷雾</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">气管内喷雾按相关报道<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>］</sup>进行。Fisher 344大鼠在异氟烷麻醉下，轻轻拉出大鼠舌头，从喉部插入气管内气溶胶喷雾器（IA-1B型，美国Penn-century公司）喷嘴至气管内，将0.5 mL C60悬液或对照溶液喷出。</p></sec><sec id="s1c"><label>1.3</label><title>二阶段致癌实验</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">将8周龄雄性Fisher 344大鼠随机分组为5组，每组15只：DHPN+Veh组（0.2% DHPN+对照溶液）、DHPN+C60-L组（0.2% DHPN+250 μg/mL C60）、DHPN+C60-H组（0.2% DHPN+500 μg/mL C60）、DHPN组（0.2% DHPN）和C60-H组（正常饮水+500 μg/mL C60）。饮水中给予0.2% DHPN，启动致癌过程，2周后，采用气管内喷雾的方法，给予不同浓度的富勒烯C60，每2周喷雾1次，共20次；第20次喷雾2周后，统计肺肿瘤（DHPN诱导模型中主要病理类型为腺瘤及腺癌）的发生率、数目和大小。喷雾结束2周后，取肺组织，苏木精伊红染色，组织学观察肺肿瘤的发生率、数目和面积。C60-H组不给予DHPN，仅喷雾500 μg/mL C60，以观察C60是否单独致癌。</p></sec><sec id="s1d"><label>1.4</label><title>氧化应激与炎症反应机制验证动物实验</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">将8周龄雄性Fisher 344大鼠随机分为2组，每组5只，C60处理组（C60组）：气管内喷雾给予500 μg/mL富勒烯C60溶液；溶剂对照组（Vehicle组）：气管内喷雾给予等体积对照溶液。每2 d喷雾1次，共5次；最后1次喷雾的6 h后，摘取肺，左肺用于检测超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine，8-OHdG）和多种细胞因子，右肺用于组织学观察和透射电镜检查。</p></sec><sec id="s1e"><label>1.5</label><title>SOD、8-OHdG和细胞因子的测定</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">上述1.4部分的大鼠左肺用于SOD、8-OHdG和多种细胞因子测定。首先采用华光基因组DNA分离试剂盒（日本和光纯药工业株式会社，货号：296-67701）分离基因组DNA，然后采用8-OHdG ELISA试剂盒（日本老龄化控制研究所，货号：KOG-200SE）测定8-OHdG水平。剩余的部分左肺加入1 mL含1%（<italic>Vol</italic>/<italic>Vol</italic>）蛋白酶抑制剂（美国Sigma-Aldrich公司；货号：S8820）的组织蛋白提取试剂（美国 Thermo Fisher Scientific/Pierce公司；货号：78510）），用组织匀浆机制成匀浆，然后在4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心5 min，上清液用于蛋白质含量、SOD活力和细胞因子水平测定。蛋白含量测定用BCA<sup>TM</sup>蛋白定量试剂盒（美国Thermo Fisher Scientific/Pierce公司；货号：23227）进行，SOD活力采用超氧化物歧化酶检测试剂盒（美国Cayman Chemical公司；货号：706002）进行。11种细胞因子包括白细胞介素（interleukin，IL）-1α、IL-1β、IL-6、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor，GM-CSF）、粒细胞集落刺激因子（granulocyte colony-stimulating factor，G-CSF）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α）、干扰素-γ（interferon-γ，IFN-γ）、IL-18、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（monocyte chemoattractant protein-1，MCP-1）、巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-1（macrophage inflammatory protein-1，MIP-1）、生长相关癌基因（growth-related oncogene，GRO），采用多因子检测试剂盒（日本GeneticLab公司）进行测定。</p></sec><sec id="s1f"><label>1.6</label><title>组织学和透射电镜</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">石蜡包埋的肺组织和其他组织切片经苏木精伊红染色后，在奥林帕斯光学显微镜（日本Olympus公司；型号：BX51N-31P）下观察各组织的病理改变，采用GraphPad 10软件分析100× 肺组织图像上肺肿瘤面积和全肺组织面积。戊二醛-锇酸固定的肺组织经脱水、环氧树脂包埋、1 mm切片、磷钨酸负染后，用JEM-1010透射电镜（日本JEOL公司；型号：JEM-1010）观察。</p></sec><sec id="s1g"><label>1.7</label><title>统计学处理</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">采用SPSS 22.0软件进行分析。计量资料包括单位面积肺肿瘤的数目和面积、SOD、8-OHdG和细胞因子含量，以<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M1"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="7.53533268" height="2.62466669"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="7.53533268" height="2.62466669"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>表示，采用双尾Student’s <italic>T</italic>检验；肿瘤发生率采用<italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>检验。<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05为差异有统计学意义。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2"><label>2</label><title>结果</title><sec id="s2a"><label>2.1</label><title>C60对DHPN诱发的肺肿瘤发生的影响</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">DHPN组肺组织内可观察到细胞增生、肺腺瘤和肺腺癌等病变，图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>A、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>B分别显示代表性的肺腺瘤和肺腺癌的组织学图片。在C60-H组肺组织未观察到上述病变，表明C60单独不能诱发肺肿瘤发生。</p><fig position="float" id="F1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.001.F001</object-id><label>图1</label><caption><title>代表性肺肿瘤    ×200</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.1</label><title>Representative lung tumors    ×200 A： Pulmonary adenoma； B： Pulmonary adenocarcinoma</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F001.eps" id="Graphic1"><?fx-imagestate width="70.55554962" height="26.81111336"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="70.55554962" height="26.81111336"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="70.55554962" height="26.81111336"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><p>分析各组肺肿瘤发生率，结果如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">图2</xref>所示，DHPN+C60-H组的肺肿瘤发生率达到100%，高于DHPN+C60-L组（53.3%，<italic>P</italic>=0.013 33）、DHPN+Veh组（53.3%，<italic>P</italic>=0.013 33）和 DHPN组（40.0%， <italic>P</italic>=0.000 24）。C60-H组肺肿瘤发生率为0。</p><fig position="float" id="F2"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.001.F002</object-id><label>图2</label><caption><title>肺肿瘤的发生率</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.2</label><title>Incidence rate of lung tumors</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p><sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05 <italic>vs</italic> DHPN+C60-H group； <sup>###</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001 <italic>vs</italic> DHPN group.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F002.eps" id="Graphic2"><?fx-imagestate width="68.43888855" height="53.97499847"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="68.43888855" height="53.97499847"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="68.43888855" height="53.97499847"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><p>进一步测量每组大鼠的单位面积的肺肿瘤面积和数目，结果如<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">表1</xref>所示，DHPN+C60-H组肺肿瘤的数目和面积高于DHPN+Veh组（<italic>P</italic>=0.000 11、0.010 10）和DHPN组（<italic>P</italic>=0.000 48、0.003 70）。DHPN+C60-L组肺肿瘤的数目和面积与DHPN+Veh组和DHPN组差异无统计学意义。以上结果提示，从肺肿瘤的发生率、数目和大小角度分析，高浓度富勒烯C60暴露促进了DHPN诱发的肺肿瘤的发生。</p><table-wrap id="T1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.001.T001</object-id><label>表1</label><caption><p>肺肿瘤的数目和面积 （<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M2"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>±<italic>s，n</italic>=15）</p></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Tab.1</label><title>Number and area of lung tumors （<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M3"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>±<italic>s，n</italic>=15）</title></abstract><alternatives><table id="Table1"><thead><tr><th align="left" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Group</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Number per cm<sup>2</sup> ofpulmonary tissue</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Area （mm<sup>2</sup>/cm<sup>2</sup>pulmonary tissue）</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="left">DHPN+Veh</td><td align="center">1.0±1.3<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center">1.5±2.7<sup>*</sup></td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">DHPN+C60-L</td><td align="center">1.4±1.6</td><td align="center">3.1±6.3</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">DHPN+C60-H</td><td align="center">4.0±1.9<sup>###</sup></td><td align="center">7.6±6.1<sup>##</sup></td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">DHPN</td><td align="center">0.4±0.7</td><td align="center">0.6±1.3</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="border-bottom:solid;">C60-H</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0±0</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0±0</td></tr></tbody></table><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-T001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="81.19583130" height="31.97000504"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-T001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="81.19583130" height="31.97000504"?></graphic></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05， <sup>***</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001 <italic>vs</italic> DHPN+C60-H group； <sup>##</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01， <sup>###</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001 <italic>vs</italic> DHPN group.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec id="s2b"><label>2.2</label><title>C60对DHPN诱发的肾肿瘤和甲状腺肿瘤的影响</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">对大鼠肾脏和甲状腺组织进行病理染色后，经组织学检查分析肿瘤发生率。结果显示，C60-H组大鼠没有发生肾脏肿瘤和甲状腺肿瘤，而其余各DHPN给予组均有肾脏肿瘤和甲状腺肿瘤发生。主要的肾脏肿瘤为间质细胞癌（mesenchymal cell carcinoma，MCC）、移行细胞癌（transitional cell carcinoma，TCC）和肾细胞癌（renal cell carcinoma，RCC），在甲状腺主要为滤泡细胞瘤和癌。比较各DHPN给予组肾脏肿瘤和甲状腺肿瘤发生率和平均肿瘤个数均差异无统计学意义（<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">表2</xref>）。上述结果显示C60暴露对DHPN诱发的肾脏肿瘤和甲状腺肿瘤无促进作用，仅对DHPN诱发的肺肿瘤有促进作用。</p><table-wrap id="T2"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.001.T002</object-id><label>表2</label><caption><p>肾脏肿瘤和甲状腺肿瘤 （<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M4"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M004.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M004c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>±<italic>s</italic>，<italic>n</italic>=15）</p></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Tab.2</label><title>Renal tumors and thyroid tumors</title></abstract><alternatives><table id="Table2"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Group</th><th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Renal neoplasm</th><th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Thyroid neoplasm</th></tr><tr><th align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">Number per rat</th><th align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">Incidence （%）</th><th align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">Pathology</th><th align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">Number per rat</th><th align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">Incidence （%）</th><th align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">Pathology</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="left">DHPN+Veh</td><td align="center">0.9±1.0</td><td align="center">60.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="5" style="border-bottom:solid;">MCC；TCC；RCC</td><td align="center">1.6±1.0</td><td align="center">90.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="5" style="border-bottom:solid;">Follicular cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">DHPN+C60-L</td><td align="center">0.8±0.8</td><td align="center">60.0</td><td align="center">3.6±2.5</td><td align="center">80.0</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">DHPN+C60-H</td><td align="center">1.1±1.1</td><td align="center">71.4</td><td align="center">3.2±2.3</td><td align="center">83.3</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">DHPN</td><td align="center">1.0±0.7</td><td align="center">80.0</td><td align="center">1.9±1.0</td><td align="center">80.0</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="border-bottom:solid;">C60-H</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.0±0.0</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.0±0.0</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0</td></tr></tbody></table><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-T002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79995728" height="32.50000000"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-T002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79995728" height="32.50000000"?></graphic></alternatives><attrib specific-use="cell-unit" xml:lang="en"><inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M5"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M004.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M004c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>±<italic>s</italic>，<italic>n</italic>=15</attrib></table-wrap></sec><sec id="s2c"><label>2.3</label><title>富勒烯 C60 在肺组织中的分布及相关病理反应</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">短期C60暴露实验结果显示，与溶剂对照组（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">图3</xref>A）相比，C60处理组（给予500 μg/mL的富勒烯C60）的一个显著的变化是引起大量以巨噬细胞为主的免疫细胞浸润，且肺泡巨噬细胞聚集成团，内含大量吞噬的C60颗粒（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">图3</xref>B）。透射电镜也证实了肺泡巨噬细胞内含有大量的C60颗粒（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">图3</xref>C）。这些结果表明单核巨噬细胞对纳米材料具有吞噬作用相符。</p><fig position="float" id="F3"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.001.F003</object-id><label>图3</label><caption><title>肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬C60的形态学图像</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.3</label><title>Morphological images of alveolar macrophages phagocytosing C60</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A： HE staining of control solution-treated lung tissue    ×400； B： HE staining of C60-treated lung tissue    ×400； C： TEM image of C60-treated lung tissue    ×10 000.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F003.eps" id="Graphic3"><?fx-imagestate width="120.65000153" height="30.33888817"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F003.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="120.65000153" height="30.33888817"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F003c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="120.65000153" height="30.33888817"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2d"><label>2.4</label><title>C60暴露对肺组织中的细胞因子产生的影响</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">采用Multiplex Suspension Array测定肺组织抽提液中与巨噬细胞有关的11种细胞因子的含量，最终检测结果如<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">表3</xref>。结果显示，11种细胞因子溶剂对照组和C60处理组没有明显改变，表明这些细胞因子在C60促进肺肿瘤中的作用不明显。</p><table-wrap id="T3"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.001.T003</object-id><label>表3</label><caption><p>肺组织抽提液中的细胞因子含量 （pg/mg蛋白，<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M6"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>±<italic>s</italic>，<italic>n</italic>=5）</p></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Tab.3</label><title>Cytokine contents in lung tissue extract （pg/mg protein，<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M7"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-M002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>±<italic>s</italic>，<italic>n</italic>=5）</title></abstract><alternatives><table id="Table3"><thead><tr><th align="left" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Cytokine</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Vehicle group</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">C60 group</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="left">GM-CSF</td><td align="center">11.07±9.29</td><td align="center">29.92±37.91</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">G-CSF</td><td align="center">0.92±0.14</td><td align="center">0.98±0.18</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">IL-1α</td><td align="center">53.52±12.07</td><td align="center">63.80±27.82</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">IL-1β</td><td align="center">29.53±24.68</td><td align="center">23.12±11.61</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">IL-6</td><td align="center">47.40±74.47</td><td align="center">34.36±29.33</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">TNF-α</td><td align="center">3.35±2.90</td><td align="center">4.16±5.42</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">INF-γ</td><td align="center">1.40±0.23</td><td align="center">1.77±0.54</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">IL-18</td><td align="center">888.20±348.55</td><td align="center">1 116.87±224.73</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">MCP-1</td><td align="center">58.02±63.73</td><td align="center">32.25±30.84</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">MIP-1</td><td align="center">15.62±7.88</td><td align="center">16.11±3.53</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="border-bottom:solid;">GRO</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">381.32±184.05</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">400.87±166.16</td></tr></tbody></table><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-T003.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="81.19583130" height="53.92799759"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-T003c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="81.19583130" height="53.92799759"?></graphic></alternatives></table-wrap></sec><sec id="s2e"><label>2.5</label><title>C60对肺组织中SOD和8-OHdG的影响</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">通过比色法检测肺组织中SOD活力，结果显示，C60处理组SOD活性高于溶剂对照组（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001），提示C60暴露可诱导肺组织中超氧离子生成增加。见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">图4</xref>。</p><fig position="float" id="F4"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.001.F004</object-id><label>图4</label><caption><title>肺组织中SOD活力</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.4</label><title>SOD activity in lung tissue <sup>***</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001 <italic>vs</italic> Vehicle group.</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F004.eps" id="Graphic4"><?fx-imagestate width="48.68333054" height="30.33888817"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F004.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="48.68333054" height="30.33888817"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F004c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="48.68333054" height="30.33888817"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><p>通过ELISA检测肺组织中8-OHdG的水平，结果显示，C60处理组8-OHdG水平高于溶剂对照组（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001），提示C60处理会导致羟基自由基生成增加，进而引起DNA氧化损伤。见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">图5</xref>。</p><fig position="float" id="F5"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.001.F005</object-id><label>图5</label><caption><title>肺组织中8-OHdG水平</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.5</label><title>8-OHdG level in lung tissue</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p><sup>***</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001 <italic>vs</italic> Vehicle group.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F005.eps" id="Graphic5"><?fx-imagestate width="44.45000076" height="29.63333130"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F005.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="44.45000076" height="29.63333130"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/157B3E0F-B15B-40fc-95AA-0732ECF9A54E-F005c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="44.45000076" height="29.63333130"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><label>3</label><title>讨论</title><p>近年来，随着纳米材料的广泛应用，富勒烯C60因其独特的物理化学性质，成为多种生物医学应用的潜在候选物，其生物安全性也受到广泛关注，特别是C60与肿瘤发生的关系已成为研究热点。化学致癌常有个漫长过程，本研究采用耗时较短的二阶段致癌模型来模拟相关过程：首先通过饮水给予亚硝胺类致癌物DHPN以诱发肺及其他组织肿瘤，随后通过气管内喷雾给予不同浓度的C60，观察其对肿瘤发生的促进作用。结果显示，气管内喷雾给予浓度为500 μg/mL的C60共20次后，肺肿瘤的发生率、数目及面积均显著增加，表明高浓度C60可促进肺肿瘤的发生；但C60对DHPN诱发的肾脏和甲状腺肿瘤无促进作用。此外，单独给予C60并未诱发肺肿瘤，提示在本实验观察期内，C60本身不具有致癌性。</p><p>为进一步阐明C60促进肺肿瘤发生的潜在机制，该研究设计了气管内500 μg/mL C60短期喷雾实验，以排除DHPN对实验结果的干扰。组织学检测显示，C60处理组的肺组织出现了以巨噬细胞为主的免疫细胞浸润，且光镜与电镜下均观察到肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬了大量C60颗粒。这一现象不仅印证了肺泡巨噬细胞作为肺部清除颗粒性异物主要防御机制的经典认知，更提示C60可通过激活巨噬细胞引发肺部炎症应答。肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬是肺部清除颗粒性异物的主要防御机制，当C60进入肺部后，肺表面活性蛋白就会吸附其表面，介导肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬后释放炎症因子<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>，其引起炎症反应与Park et al<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>报道的结果一致。进一步分析肺组织与巨噬细胞相关的11种细胞因子含量显示，C60处理和对照溶液间没有明显差异，提示炎症因子在C60促进肺肿瘤中的作用不明显。</p><p>纳米材料会导致体内氧自由基产生，进而引起暴露组织病变。本研究结果显示，与溶剂对照组相比较，C60处理导致肺组织中SOD活力增强和8-OHdG含量增加，反映了氧自由基中的超氧离子和羟基自由基产生增加。氧自由基特别是羟基自由基具有极强的氧化能力，能引起DNA氧化损伤，增加了基因突变的可能性。这可能是富勒烯C60促进肺肿瘤发生的机制之一。</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>参考文献</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" publication-format="print" xml:lang="en"><person-group><name 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