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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="zh" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1.xsd"><front><journal-meta><!-- 出版商赋予期刊ID--><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">YIKE</journal-id><journal-title-group><!-- 期刊中文全称--><journal-title>安徽医科大学学报</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文全称--><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</abbrev-journal-title><!-- 期刊中文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">安徽医科大学学报</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><!-- 期刊ISSN号--><issn pub-type="ppub">1000-1492</issn><!-- 期刊CN号--><issn pub-type="cn">34-1065/R</issn><publisher><!--出版商英文名称【预置实体】 待确认 --><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Anhui Lianzhong Printing Limited Company</publisher-name><!--出版商英文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc xml:lang="en">Editorial Board of Acta Universitatis Medi-cinalis Anhui Meishan Road , Hefei 230032</publisher-loc><!-- 出版商中文名称【预置实体】--><publisher-name>《安徽医科大学学报》编辑部</publisher-name><!--出版商中文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc>安徽省合肥市安徽医科大学校内老图书馆三楼</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1000–1492（2026）04–0682–07</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.012</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">9 -V266 黄海峰-排版</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="clc"><subject>R738.6</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="dc"><subject>A</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>基础医学研究</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>靶向小鼠S180肉瘤PD-1受体探针的PET/CT显像研究</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PET/CT imaging of PD-1 receptor probe targeting S180 sarcoma in mice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>黄</surname><given-names>海峰</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Haifeng</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>孙</surname><given-names>江南</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Jiangnan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>邹</surname><given-names>欢</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zou</surname><given-names>Huan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>包</surname><given-names>涛</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bao</surname><given-names>Tao</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>朱</surname><given-names>华</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>Hua</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>杨</surname><given-names>先腾</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Xianteng</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>李</surname><given-names>姗姗</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Shanshan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><label>1</label><institution>贵州省人民医院，骨科</institution>,<city>贵阳</city>  <postal-code>550002</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label><institution>Dept of Orthopaedics， 5Dept of Anesthesiology， Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital</institution>， <city>Guiyang</city>     <postal-code>550002</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><label>2</label><institution>遵义医科大学第一临床医学院</institution>，<city>遵义</city>  <postal-code>563000</postal-code></aff>  <aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label><institution>The First Clinical Medical College， Zunyi Medical University</institution>， <city>Zunyi</city>     <postal-code>563000</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><label>3</label><institution>贵州省职工医院康复医学科</institution>，<city>贵阳</city>  <postal-code>550025</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>3</label><institution>Dept of Rehabilitation， Guizhou Provincial Staff Hospital</institution>， <city>Guiyang</city>     <postal-code>550025</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><label>4</label><institution>北京大学肿瘤医院核医学部肿瘤发生与转化研究教育部 重点实验室（北京），放射性药物研究与评价重点实验室（国家药品监督管理局），北京  100142］</institution></aff>  <aff xml:lang="en"><label>4</label><institution>Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation ofRadiopharmaceuticals （National Medical Products Administration）， Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research， Ministry of Education （Beijing）， Department of Nuclear Medicine， Peking University Cancer Hospital &amp; Institute</institution>， <city>Beijing</city>     <postal-code>100142</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives>    <aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><label>5</label><institution>贵州省人民医院，麻醉科</institution>，<city>贵阳</city>  <postal-code>550002</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>5</label><institution>Dept of Anesthesiology， Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital， Guiyang 550002</institution>， </aff></aff-alternatives>    </contrib-group><author-notes><corresp xml:lang="en">Xu Jiegou， E-mail： <email>xujiegou@ahmu.edu.cn</email></corresp><corresp xml:lang="en" id="cor1"><named-content content-type="corresp-name">Huang Haifeng</named-content>， E-mail： <email>zhongyizaixiyi@yeah.net</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna1"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">黄海峰</named-content>，男，博士，副主任医师，通信作者，E-mail： <email>zhongyizaixiyi@yeah.net</email></p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-10T09：53：10"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-id>15</issue-id><fpage>682</fpage><lpage>688</lpage><page-range>682-688</page-range>  <history><date date-type="received">        <day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><abstract abstract-type="key-points"><sec><title>目的</title><p>探讨构建程序性死亡受体-1（PD-1）分子探针，微型正电子发射断层显像/计算机断层成像（Micro-PET/CT）无创显像小鼠S180肉瘤中PD-1蛋白的可行性。</p></sec><sec><title>方法</title><p>通过S180肉瘤细胞注射成瘤方法建立转基因PD-1 C57 S180肉瘤小鼠模型，动物毒性试验验证PD-1抗体对小鼠各脏器的毒性，免疫组织化学染色（IHC）验证S180肉瘤中PD-1蛋白的表达情况，进一步合成<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1单克隆抗体分子探针，在转基因PD-1 C57小鼠尾静脉注射18.5 MBq <sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1探针并进行S180肉瘤的Micro-PET/CT。</p></sec><sec><title>结果</title><p>成功构建了转基因PD-1 C57 S180肉瘤小鼠模型。IHC显示S180肉瘤中存在PD-1蛋白的表达，Micro-PET/CT在小鼠注射探针后不同的时间点（20、48、72、120 h）均能成功显像S180肉瘤中PD-1蛋白受体。</p></sec><sec><title>结论</title><p><sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1单克隆抗体分子探针可以成功靶向转基因PD-1 C57小鼠S180肉瘤的PD-1受体，并呈现清晰的Micro-PET/CT免疫成像，从而有望实现无创筛选PD-1阳性表达的恶性肿瘤患者的目的。</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract abstract-type="key-points" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>To explore the feasibility of constructing a programmed death receptor-1（PD-1） molecular probe for non-invasive micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography （Micro-PET/CT） imaging of PD-1 protein in mouse S180 sarcoma.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A transgenic PD-1 C57 S180 sarcoma mouse model was established using the S180 sarcoma cell injection. Furthermore， <sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody probe was synthesized. 18.5 MBq of the <sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1 probe was injected into the tail vein of transgenic PD-1 C57 mice. Subsequently， S180 sarcoma was imaged using Micro-PET/CT.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Study successfully established a transgenic PD-1 C57 S180 sarcoma mouse model. Immunohistochemical （IHC） results showed PD-1 protein expression in S180 sarcoma. Micro-PET/CT imaging successfully visualized the PD-1 protein receptor in S180 sarcoma at different time points （20， 48， 72， and 120 h） after probe injection.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The <sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody molecular probe successfully targets the PD-1 receptor in S180 sarcoma of transgenic PD-1 C57 mice， and presents clear Micro-PET/CT immunoassay results， thus it potentially enables the non-invasive screening of patients with PD-1 positive malignant tumors.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>肉瘤</kwd><kwd>PD-1</kwd><kwd>PD-L1</kwd><kwd>Micro-PET/CT</kwd><kwd>单克隆抗体</kwd><kwd>分子探针</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>fullerene C60</kwd><kwd>lung tumor</kwd><kwd>N-bis （2-hydroxypropyl） nitrosamine</kwd><kwd>intratracheal spraying</kwd><kwd>Fisher 344 rats</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>贵州省科技计划项目（编号：黔科合基础-ZK〔2021〕一般471、黔科合基础-ZK〔2024〕一般481）</funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source>国家自然科学基金项目</funding-source><award-id>81960538</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>贵州省科技计划项目（编号：黔科合基础-ZK〔2021〕一般471、黔科合基础-ZK〔2024〕一般481）；国家自然科学基金项目（编号：81960538）</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><award-group><funding-source>Fund program Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province for Foreign Cooperation in Science and Technology</funding-source><award-id>201904b11020024</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Fund programs  Scientific and Technological Project of Guizhou Province （Nos. Qiankehe basic ZK［2021］471, ZK［2024］481）</funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source><award-id>81960538</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>Fund program Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province for Foreign Cooperation in Science and Technology （No. 201904b11020024）</funding-statement><funding-statement>Scientific and Technological Project of Guizhou Province （Nos. Qiankehe basic ZK［2021］471， ZK［2024］481）； National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81960538）</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="4"/><table-count count="1"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="12"/><page-count count="7"/><word-count count="16092"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>version</meta-name><meta-value>1.0.0.25071</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>structure-time</meta-name><meta-value>2026-05-28T11:37:09</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>word-source</meta-name><meta-value>FX</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>程序性死亡受体-1（programmed death-1， PD-1）是一种免疫检查点分子，通过和配体程序性死亡受体配体-1（programmed death-ligand 1， PD-L1）的结合来抑制T细胞的免疫功能。基于目前临床试验的巨大成功，多种PD-1抗体和PD-L1抗体已被批准用于治疗各种类型的癌症<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>。因此识别哪些患者群体可以从PD-1和PD-L1免疫检查点阻断疗法中获益至关重要，这也是目前肿瘤临床工作中急需解决的问题<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>］</sup>。近年来，已经报道了<sup>111</sup>In<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>］</sup>、<sup>64</sup>Cu<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>］</sup>和<sup>89</sup>Zr<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>］</sup>相关的免疫成像探针，<sup>111</sup>In半衰期约为2.8 d，但只能用于SPECT成像，而<sup>64</sup>Cu的半衰期（约12.7 h）比<sup>124</sup>I的半衰期（约4.2 d）相对较短，难以满足长时间观察的需要。<sup>89</sup>Zr的半衰期与<sup>124</sup>I相似，两者均适用于PD-1抗体评估，但由于<sup>89</sup>Zr的抗体标记需要双功能螯合剂，关键的标记条件，较长的孵育时间以及在某些情况下抗体的聚集使<sup>89</sup>Zr标记难度加大。因此，开发一种靶向PD-1受体的长时间且标记简单新型探针显得颇为重要。</p><sec id="s1"><label>1</label><title>材料与方法</title><sec id="s1a"><label>1.1</label><title>主要实验瘤株及实验动物</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">18~20 g KM小鼠， 5~6周龄，SPF级，雌性，购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司；18~20 g人源化转基因PD-1 C57小鼠， 5~6周龄，SPF级，雌性，购自上海君实生物医药科技有限公司。</p></sec><sec id="s1b"><label>1.2</label><title>主要试剂</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">S180鼠肉瘤细胞株购自北京中科质检生物技术有限公司；anti-PD-1抗体和同位素<sup>124</sup>I-I<sub>2</sub>由北京大学肿瘤医院核医学科提供；PD-1抗体购自美国Proteintech Group公司；山羊抗小鼠二抗购自美国Jackson Immuno Research公司；DAB显色试剂盒购置于北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司；EDTA（pH 8.0）抗原修复液购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司。</p></sec><sec id="s1c"><label>1.3</label><title>方法</title><sec id="s1c1"><label>1.3.1</label><title>Anti-PD-1抗体毒性实验</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">anti-PD-1组（给药组）及PBS组（对照组）各4只KM小鼠（随机分组），分别通过尾静脉注射25 μg anti-PD-1或同体积PBS到KM小鼠体内，连续4周，每周2次。每周临床观察2次，动物称取体质量2次，观察31 d，第8次给药后6 d，即31 d后处死小鼠，取心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺、肾脏、脑组织，行HE染色；组织学层面确定以上脏器有无损伤。所有动物均摘眼球取血，分离血清后测定丙氨酸氨基转移酶（alanine transaminase， ALT），天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（aspartate aminotransferase， AST），肌酐（creatinine， CREA）及尿素氮（blood urea nitrogen， BUN）水平，进一步验证小鼠有无肝肾功能损害。</p></sec><sec id="s1c2"><label>1.3.2</label><title>S180肉瘤细胞株的培养及传代</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">取出培养基，消毒放入安全柜，取10 mL培养基移入15 mL离心管。待水浴箱温度稳定在37 ℃，从液氮罐中取出S180肉瘤细胞，装进自封袋，放进水浴箱，快速摇晃使其融化。融化之后，取出消毒，开盖，用1 mL枪将细胞移入15 mL管，混匀后离心。离心后用1 mL培养基重悬，液体移入培养瓶，补充培养基，放入5%CO<sub>2</sub>的37 ℃培养箱行传代培养。</p></sec><sec id="s1c3"><label>1.3.3</label><title>皮下荷瘤鼠动物模型的建立</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">以特制的肿瘤细胞接种器将S180肉瘤细胞移植到人源化转基因PD-1 C57小鼠右侧腋窝皮下，待小鼠皮下荷瘤鼠肿瘤直径达到0.8~1.0 cm后再进行体内实验。所有动物实验均符合医院动物管理和使用委员会的相关指导方针（贵州省人民医院伦理委员会批准号：第2020384号）。</p></sec><sec id="s1c4"><label>1.3.4</label><title>PD-1受体蛋白的免疫组织化学染色（immunohistochemistry， IHC）</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">取人源化转基因PD-1 C57 S180肉瘤小鼠模型的肉瘤组织行PD-1受体蛋白的IHC。组织石蜡切片脱蜡，组织切片置于抗原修复缓冲液的修复盒中进行抗原修复，放入3%双氧水溶液阻断内源性过氧化物酶，在组化圈内滴加3%BSA封闭，加一抗二抗，DAB显色，苏木精复染细胞核，切片脱水封片，显微镜下观察苏木精染细胞核为蓝色，棕黄色为阳性表达。</p></sec><sec id="s1c5"><label>1.3.5</label><title>制备<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1单克隆分子探针</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">在1.5 mL EP管中依次加入10 μL anti-PD-1（20 mg/ mL）、200 μL磷酸缓冲液（0.1 mol/L、pH 7.0）溶液和250 μL含74 MBq <sup>124</sup>I-I<sub>2</sub>的溶液，然后加入10 μL（1 mg/mL）N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺（N-Bromosuccinimide，NBS）反应60 s，后在其中加入200 μL 10% 人血清白蛋白终止反应，最终产物经PD-10脱盐柱纯化。</p></sec><sec id="s1c6"><label>1.3.6</label><title>转基因PD-1 C57小鼠S180肉瘤的微型正电子发射断层显像/计算机断层成像（micro positron emission tomography/ computed tomography， Micro-PET/CT）</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">通过喂食0.5% KI溶液阻断荷S180肉瘤的转基因PD-1 C57小鼠甲状腺对碘的摄取，时间点为注射单克隆分子探针前3 d。实验组4只荷瘤鼠的尾静脉分别注射18.5 MBq<sup> 124</sup>I-anti-PD-1分子探针，并在注射后的不同时间点（注射探针后20、48、72、120 h）进行小动物PET/CT活体影像系统Micro-PET/CT［型号：西门子Inveon PET/CT；图像分辨率：1.4 mm；时间分辨率：1.5 ns；采集速度：0.3 s/帧］S180肉瘤PD-1免疫显像。设立阻断组，4只荷瘤鼠的尾静脉分别共注射18.5 MBq<sup> 124</sup>I-anti-PD-1分子探针和500 μg Anti-PD-1前体，并在注射后的不同时间点（注射探针后48、72 h）进行免疫显像。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s1d"><label>1.4</label><title>统计学处理</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">采用GraphPad Prism 5.0软件作图，IBM SPSS 23.0统计学软件进行数据的统计学分析，结果以<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M1"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-M001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="7.53533268" height="2.62466669"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-M001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="7.53533268" height="2.62466669"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>表示，其中KM小鼠各指标变化情况、<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1组和阻断组注射探针后48、72 h的ROI（肿瘤/肌肉）比值采用<italic>t</italic>检验，<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1组分子探针注射后在不同时间点肿瘤与各器官的SUV比值采用单因素方差分析，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05为差异有统计学意义。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2"><label>2</label><title>结果</title><sec id="s2a"><label>2.1</label><title>Anti-PD-1单克隆抗体毒性检测</title><sec id="s2a1"><label>2.1.1</label><title>小鼠体质量变化</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">所有KM小鼠在给药期间精神状态良好，体质量均有一定程度的上升。首次给药当天记为D0，第8次给药后6 d，即D31，与anti-PD-1组相比，PBS组的体质量差异无统计学意义（<italic>t=</italic>1.017<italic>， P=</italic>0.356）。所有KM小鼠体质量变化趋势见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">图1</xref>。</p><fig position="float" id="F1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.012.F001</object-id><label>图1</label><caption><title>给药后KM小鼠体质量变化趋势图</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.1</label><title>Trend of body weight change in KM mice after drug administration</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F001.eps" id="Graphic1"><?fx-imagestate width="73.37777710" height="52.21111298"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="73.37777710" height="52.21111298"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="73.37777710" height="52.21111298"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2a2"><label>2.1.2</label><title>S180肉瘤细胞传代和S180肉瘤小鼠模型建立</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">倒置显微镜观察，小鼠S180肉瘤细胞形态学特征：细胞为典型的圆球形，细胞膜完整，细胞核比较大，胞质丰富。原代S180细胞在培养板中生长24 h后，S180细胞之间形成较密集的细胞团簇（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>A、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>B）。S180细胞HE染色显示：细胞核被苏木精染成蓝色，伊红将细胞质染成粉红色，可见细胞呈典型的圆球形，且细胞核异质性明显（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>C、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>D）。最后，将传代后的小鼠S180肉瘤细胞，接种于人源化转基因PD-1 C57小鼠右侧腋下（5×10<sup>6</sup>/只）建立S180肉瘤小鼠模型。</p><fig position="float" id="F2"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.012.F002</object-id><label>图2</label><caption><title>S180肉瘤细胞形态及HE染色</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.2</label><title>Morphology and HE staining images of S180 sarcoma cells</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A， B： Morphology of primary mouse S180 sarcoma cells observed under an inverted microscope； C， D： HE staining images of S180 sarcoma cells； A，C：×100；B，D：×400.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F002.eps" id="Graphic2"><?fx-imagestate width="75.49445343" height="67.02777863"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="75.49445343" height="67.02777863"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="75.49445343" height="67.02777863"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2a3"><label>2.1.3</label><title>小鼠各组织HE染色结果</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">第8次给药后6 d，即D31，每组取3只KM小鼠的肝、脑、肺、肾、脾、心6个组织，HE染色检测组织的病变情况。结果显示，PBS组与anti-PD-1组均无明显病变，典型HE染色结果见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">图3</xref>。其中，肝组织方面（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>A、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>B），两组肝细胞索排列整齐，肝小叶结构清晰，肝小窦结构正常，两组均未见炎性细胞浸润及肝细胞变性坏死；脑组织方面（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>C、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>D），两组神经元染色成椭圆形或圆形，排列规则致密，数量及基质均丰富，染色均匀；肺组织方面 （图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>E、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>F），两组肺泡结构正常，大小均匀，两组均未见肉芽肿等增生，两组肺内均未见炎性细胞浸润及细胞变性坏死；肾组织方面（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>G、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>H），两组皮质内肾小球均匀分散，结构完整，细胞均未见明显病变，两组髓质内小管均亦未见明显病变；脾组织方面 （图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>I、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>J），两组脾脏红髓、白髓结构均清晰，脾索及血窦均分布均匀，淋巴细胞均排列有序，均无炎症、坏死或异常增生；心组织方面 （图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>K、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>L），两组心肌纤维均排列规则，间质无水肿及纤维化，均未见炎症、坏死或血栓形成。</p><fig position="float" id="F3"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.012.F003</object-id><label>图3</label><caption><title>小鼠不同组织HE染色结果图    ×100</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.3</label><title>HE staining results of different tissues of mice    ×100</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A， B： liver； C， D： brain； E， F： lung； G， H： kidney； I， J： spleen； K， L： heart.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F003.eps" id="Graphic3"><?fx-imagestate width="162.27777100" height="95.60277557"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F003.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="162.27777100" height="95.60277557"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F003c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="162.27777100" height="95.60277557"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2a4"><label>2.1.4</label><title>生化指标检测结果</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">第8次给药后6 d，即D31，分别取PBS组与anti-PD-1组KM小鼠眼球取血并分离血清，检测血清中ALT、AST、CREA及BUN的含量。结果显示，anti-PD-1组中各指标与PBS组差异无统计学意义。见<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">表1</xref>。</p><table-wrap id="T1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.012.T001</object-id><label>表1</label><caption><p>anti-PD-1给药后KM小鼠各指标的变化情况 （<italic>n</italic>=4，<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M2"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-M002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-M002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>±<italic>s</italic>）</p></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Tab.1</label><title>Changes in multiple indicators of KM mice post anti-PD-1 Administration （<italic>n</italic>=4，<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M3"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-M002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-M002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>±<italic>s</italic>）</title></abstract><alternatives><table id="Table1"><thead><tr><th align="left" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Group</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;"><p>ALT</p><p>（U/L）</p></th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;"><p>AST</p><p>（U/L）</p></th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;"><p>CREA</p><p>（μmol/L）</p></th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;"><p>BUN</p><p>（mmol/L）</p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="left">PBS</td><td align="center">56.2±17.7</td><td align="center">242.2±165.6</td><td align="center">15.6±1.0</td><td align="center">4.0±0.5</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">anti-PD-1</td><td align="center">59.2±12.8</td><td align="center">219.7±76.6</td><td align="center">16.9±2.7</td><td align="center">4.2±0.0</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left"><italic>t </italic>value</td><td align="center">-0.254</td><td align="center">0.215</td><td align="center">-1.112</td><td align="center">-0.745</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="border-bottom:solid;"><italic>P </italic>value</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.810</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.838</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.380</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.509</td></tr></tbody></table><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-T001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="81.19583130" height="27.61608315"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-T001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="81.19583130" height="27.61608315"?></graphic></alternatives></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="s2b"><label>2.2</label><title>转基因PD-1 C57 S180肉瘤PD-1的IHC染色</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">转基因PD-1 C57 S180肉瘤小鼠模型成功构建（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">图4</xref>A），进一步IHC证实S180肉瘤组织中的PD-1受体蛋白表达为阳性，即PD-1受体IHC为棕色（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">图4</xref>G），证实肉瘤组织存在PD-1受体的高表达。</p><fig position="float" id="F4"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.012.F004</object-id><label>图4</label><caption><title>转基因PD-1 C57小鼠S180肉瘤的Micro-PET/CT显像及染色</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.4</label><title>Micro-PET/CT imaging and staining of S180 sarcoma in transgenic PD-1 C57 mice</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A： Transgenic PD-1 C57 mouse model of S180 sarcoma （tumor located in the right axilla）； B： Image of mouse collected 20 h after PD-1 molecular probe injection <italic>via</italic> tail vein （white arrow points to S180 sarcoma）； C： Image of mouse collected 48 h after PD-1 molecular probe injection； D： Image of mouse collected 72 h after PD-1 molecular probe injection； E： Image of mouse collected 120 h after PD-1 molecular probe injection； F： SUV ratio of tumor to various organs at different time points after PD-1 molecular probe injection； G： IHC staining of PD-1 receptor in S180 sarcoma tissue； H， I： Images of mice collected 48 h and 72 h after co-injection of 18.5 MBq <sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1 probe and 500 μg anti-PD-1 precursor in the blocking group； J： ROI （tumor/muscle） ratio 48 h and 72 h after probe injection in the <sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1 group and the blocking group； K： Schematic diagram showing the binding of <sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody with molecular probe； <sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05，<sup> **</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01，<sup>***</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001 <italic>vs</italic> 20 h； <sup>#</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05， <sup>##</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01 <italic>vs</italic> <sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1 group.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F004.eps" id="Graphic4"><?fx-imagestate width="150.63609314" height="190.85276794"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F004.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="150.63609314" height="190.85276794"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/B9CCA110-D842-468d-88FE-D7DBE6F1FED6-F004c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="150.63609314" height="190.85276794"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2c"><label>2.3</label><title>PD-1受体蛋白的Micro-PET/CT显像</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">在转基因PD-1 C57 S180肉瘤小鼠尾静脉注射18.5 MBq <sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1单克隆分子探针20 h后开始进行Micro-PET/CT肿瘤显像。根据肿瘤成像，可以看到在S180肉瘤部位没有明显的探针摄取，肿瘤区域未出现明显显像，分子探针主要聚集在小鼠的心脏中（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">图4</xref>B）。当Micro-PET/CT成像在注射后48 h时，在S180肉瘤部位可以观察到明显的<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1分子探针摄取（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>C），72 h时肿瘤区域已经出现清晰的成像（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">图4</xref>D）。探针注射120 h即5 d后，S180肉瘤部位仍然存在明显的探针高摄取（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">图4</xref>E），肿瘤部位成像清晰。 S180肉瘤小鼠注射<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1探针后的靶/非靶的SUV比值随时间的延长而逐渐增加（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">图4</xref>F， <italic>F</italic><sub>heart</sub>=165.869，<italic> F</italic><sub>liver</sub>=184.763， <italic>F</italic><sub>muscle</sub>=40.422， <italic>F</italic><sub>thyroid</sub>=87.918， <italic>F</italic><sub>brain</sub>=68.995；均<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）。研究使用前体经典阻断（共注射探针和前体）作为对照，在注射18.5 MBq <sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1（实验组）、18.5 MBq <sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1和500 μg Anti-PD-1（阻断组）探针后的48、72 h进行了免疫PET成像。阻断组肿瘤部位的<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1探针摄取明显低于实验组的摄取（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>H、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>I）。注射<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1（实验组）、<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1和500 μg Anti-PD-1（阻断组）后，实验组每个时间点的肿瘤/肌肉比值均高于阻断组（<italic>t</italic><sub>48 h</sub> =3.015， <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05； <italic>t</italic><sub>72 h</sub> =4.632，<italic> P</italic>&lt;0.01）（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">图4</xref>J）。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><label>3</label><title>讨论</title><p>本研究通过小鼠S180肉瘤细胞成功构建了转基因PD-1 C57 S180肉瘤小鼠模型，并通过Anti-PD-1抗体毒性实验验证了该单克隆抗体对KM小鼠无明显毒性，进一步IHC实验验证了PD-1受体蛋白在S180肉瘤组织中的高表达，并为之后的Micro-PET/CT成像准备了可靠的动物模型。S180肉瘤小鼠通过尾静脉注射<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1单克隆抗体分子探针48 h后，肿瘤成像较为清晰，同时肿瘤部位的<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1分子探针摄取能被前体所阻断，实验组在注射探针后5 d后免疫显像依旧清晰，实现了对恶性肿瘤的PD-1受体的长时间无创实时监测，为PD-1/PD-L1信号通路的无创筛查提供了新的探针。另外，<sup>124</sup>I标记方法是原位标记，不需要双功能螯合剂，PD-1分子探针标记简单方便，更易获得临床推广，本实验研究证实新型<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1单克隆抗体分子探针成像效果显著，免疫显像时间长，有望在临床获得进一步推广。</p><p>癌细胞上的PD-L1与免疫细胞上的PD-1相互作用，从而参与癌症的免疫逃逸。对于多种癌症类型而言，PD-1/PD-L1轴是抗癌免疫反应的主要限速步骤。阻断PD-1/PD-L1可以恢复T细胞衰竭状态并清除癌细胞，然而，只有一小部分PD-1/PD-L1受体阳性患者能够从α-PD-1/PD-L1免疫疗法中获益<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>］</sup>，这可能与部分患者体内PD-1/PD-L1受体蛋白表达量少有关。同时也有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>］</sup>指出抗PD-1/PD-L1与免疫调节药物［例如C-X-C趋化因子受体4型 （CXCR4）、聚ADP-核糖聚合酶 （PARP） 或转化生长因子 （TGF）-β 抑制剂］的联合应用有着显著的临床效果。</p><p>在骨和软组织恶性肿瘤中，临床上主要以肉瘤多见。软组织肉瘤是指由包括血管、肌肉、肌腱、皮下组织、结缔组织间隙以及空腔器官支柱基质等来源的恶性肿瘤。Kim et al<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>证实PD-L1受体存在于多种软组织肉瘤中，而PD-1受体则是主要表达在肿瘤浸润的淋巴细胞中，他们在研究中指出PD-1受体表达情况可作为肉瘤新的预后指标。近几十年来，免疫疗法已经完全改变了恶性肿瘤患者的常规治疗相关标准。例如，免疫治疗方法如免疫检查点阻断被广泛的用于恶性肿瘤的免疫治疗，这种方法可能单独或与化放疗联用<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>］</sup>。PD-1/PD-L1和CTLA-4检查点抑制剂等免疫疗法显示出了良好的抗肿瘤活性，加速了部分恶性肿瘤免疫治疗发展进程。如在小细胞肺癌（small cell lung cancer，SCLC）中，它具有高突变负荷，高免疫原性和具备部分对免疫治疗有利的免疫因子。因此，上述抑制剂可能成为SCLC治疗上的重要突破<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>］</sup>。另外，PD-1抑制剂（帕博利珠单抗和纳武利尤单抗）已被批准用于治疗无法切除的转移性黑色素瘤患者，并已被证实可提高患者总的生存期<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>］</sup>。可见，PD-1/PD-L1信号通路在恶性肿瘤的免疫治疗中至关重要。本研究通过无创的方法检测恶性肿瘤中PD-1受体的表达，可以极大地提高PD-1免疫治疗的疗效，可能改变恶性肿瘤患者的常规治疗方式。</p><p>本团队既往研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>］</sup>已经证实，PD-L1的非侵入性成像可以无创筛查PD-L1受体蛋白表达阳性的恶性肿瘤，该方法有望提高恶性肿瘤患者对PD-L1免疫治疗的反应率。本研究进一步证实了<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1单克隆分子探针可以靶向恶性肿瘤中PD-1受体蛋白。</p><p>综上所述，PD-1/PD-L1轴作为T细胞免疫逃逸的关键信号通路，无创地检测及评估该通路上下游表达水平对恶性肿瘤的免疫治疗疗效有着重大价值。该研究制备的新型单克隆分子探针<sup>124</sup>I-anti-PD-1获取简单，可以特异性靶向小鼠S180肉瘤中PD-1受体蛋白，研究实现了时间长达120 h清晰的肿瘤免疫显像，且显像效果明显优于阻断组。研究成果有望为筛选PD-1阳性表达的恶性肿瘤患者提供新的思路和策略。</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>参考文献</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" publication-format="print" xml:lang="en"><person-group><name name-style="eastern"><surname>Yi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>， <name name-style="eastern"><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name>， <name name-style="eastern"><surname>Niu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>， <etal>et al</etal></person-group>. <article-title>Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade： current advances and future directions</article-title>［J］. <source>Mol Cancer</source>， 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Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui, 2026, 61(04): 682-688.</p></fn></fn-group></back><?original-text name="authorName-zh" content="黄海峰<sup>1</sup>，孙江南<sup>2</sup>，邹  欢<sup>3</sup>，包  涛<sup>2</sup>，朱  华<sup>4</sup>，杨先腾<sup>1</sup>，李姗姗<sup>5</sup>"?><?original-text name="authorAff-zh" content="［贵州省人民医院<sup>1</sup>骨科、<sup>5</sup>麻醉科，贵阳  550002；<sup>2</sup>遵义医科大学第一临床医学院，遵义  563000；<sup>3</sup>贵州省职工医院康复医学科，贵阳  550025；<sup>4</sup>北京大学肿瘤医院核医学部肿瘤发生与转化研究教育部重点实验室（北京），放射性药物研究与评价重点实验室（国家药品监督管理局），北京  100142］"?><?original-text name="authorName-en" content="Huang Haifeng<sup>1</sup>， Sun Jiangnan<sup>2</sup>， Zou Huan<sup>3</sup>， Bao Tao<sup>2</sup>， Zhu Hua<sup>4</sup>， Yang Xianteng<sup>1</sup>， Li Shanshan<sup>5</sup>"?><?original-text name="authorAff-en" content="［<sup>1</sup>Dept of Orthopaedics， <sup>5</sup>Dept of Anesthesiology， Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital， Guiyang     550002；<sup>2</sup>The First Clinical Medical College， Zunyi Medical University， Zunyi     563000； <sup>3</sup>Dept of Rehabilitation，Guizhou Provincial Staff Hospital， Guiyang     550025； <sup>4</sup>Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of"?><?original-text name="authorAff-en" content="Radiopharmaceuticals （National Medical Products Administration）， Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis andTranslational Research， Ministry of Education （Beijing）， Department of Nuclear Medicine，Peking University Cancer Hospital &amp; Institute， Beijing     100142］"?></article>