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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="zh" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1.xsd"><front><journal-meta><!-- 出版商赋予期刊ID--><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">YIKE</journal-id><journal-title-group><!-- 期刊中文全称--><journal-title>安徽医科大学学报</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文全称--><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</abbrev-journal-title><!-- 期刊中文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">安徽医科大学学报</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><!-- 期刊ISSN号--><issn pub-type="ppub">1000-1492</issn><!-- 期刊CN号--><issn pub-type="cn">34-1065/R</issn><publisher><!--出版商英文名称【预置实体】 待确认 --><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Anhui Lianzhong Printing Limited Company</publisher-name><!--出版商英文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc xml:lang="en">Editorial Board of Acta Universitatis Medi-cinalis Anhui Meishan Road , Hefei 230032</publisher-loc><!-- 出版商中文名称【预置实体】--><publisher-name>《安徽医科大学学报》编辑部</publisher-name><!--出版商中文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc>安徽省合肥市安徽医科大学校内老图书馆三楼</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1000–1492（2026）04–0770–06</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.024</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">14 V246 马文秀（ 新替换 ） </article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>◇栏目名称:综述◇</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="clc"><subject>R543.5</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="dc"><subject>A</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>巨噬细胞在动脉粥样硬化中的作用研究进展</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Research progress on the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>马</surname><given-names>文秀</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Wenxiu</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>白</surname><given-names>力</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bai</surname><given-names>Li</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>马</surname><given-names>雯</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Wen</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>齐</surname><given-names>婷婷</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Qi</surname><given-names>Tingting</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>张</surname><given-names>浩楠</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Haonan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>王</surname><given-names>喧</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Xuan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><role>综述</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>张</surname><given-names>昕</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Xin</given-names></name></name-alternatives><role>审校</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>  <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna2"/></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><label>1</label><institution>内蒙古科技大学包头医学院研究生院</institution>，<city>包头</city>  <postal-code>014010</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label><institution>Graduate School of Baotou Medical College， Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology</institution>， <city>Baotou</city>     <postal-code>014010</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff>  <label>2</label><institution>内蒙古科技大学包头医学院 第一附属医院 中心实验室</institution>，<city>包头</city>  <postal-code>014010</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label><institution>Central Laboratory， First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College， Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology</institution>， <city>Baotou</city>     <postal-code>014010</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3">  <aff>  <label>3</label><institution>内蒙古科技大学包头医学院 第一附属医院 心功能科</institution>，<city>包头</city>  <postal-code>014010</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>3</label><institution>Dept of Cardiology， First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College， Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology</institution>， <city>Baotou</city>     <postal-code>014010</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4">  <aff>  <label>4</label><institution>内蒙古科技大学包头医学院 第一附属医院 科研科</institution>，<city>包头</city>  <postal-code>014010</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>4</label><institution>Dept of Research， First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College， Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology</institution>， <city>Baotou</city>     <postal-code>014010</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp xml:lang="en" id="cor1">Zhang Xin， E-mail： <email>zhangxinwdq@sina.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna1"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">马文秀</named-content>，女，硕士研究生</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna2"><p>张  昕，女，博士，教授，主任医师，硕士生导师，通信作者，E-mail： <email>zhangxinwdq@sina.com</email></p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-11T09：08：07"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-id>15</issue-id><fpage>770</fpage><lpage>775</lpage><page-range>770-775</page-range>  <history><date date-type="received">        <day>01</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><abstract abstract-type="key-points"><p>动脉粥样硬化（AS）是慢性、炎症性血管疾病，巨噬细胞是常见的免疫细胞，在AS发展过程中具有重要作用。近年来研究表明AS斑块的形成与巨噬细胞的极化、能量代谢、脂质吞噬等病理生理过程密切相关。该文旨在综述巨噬细胞在AS发展过程中的作用机制，同时探讨通过调控巨噬细胞延缓AS的潜在治疗方法，为AS的治疗与研究提供新的思路。</p></abstract><trans-abstract abstract-type="key-points" xml:lang="en"><p>Atherosclerosis （AS） is a chronic and inflammatory vascular disease. Macrophages are common immune cells and play an important role in the development of AS. In recent years， research has found that the formation of AS plaques is closely related to pathological and physiological processes such as macrophage polarization， energy metabolism， and lipid phagocytosis. This review aims to summarize the mechanism of macrophages in the development of AS， and to explore potential therapeutic methods for delaying AS by regulating macrophages， providing new ideas for the treatment and research of AS.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>巨噬细胞</kwd><kwd>动脉粥样硬化</kwd><kwd>脂质</kwd><kwd>炎症</kwd><kwd>极化</kwd><kwd>治疗</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>macrophages</kwd><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>lipid</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>polarization</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>国家自然科学基金项目</funding-source><award-id>81450040</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目</funding-source><award-id>2024QN08051</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>国家自然科学基金项目（编号：81450040）；内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目（编号：2024QN08051）</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><award-group><funding-source>Fund programs  National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source><award-id>81450040</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region</funding-source><award-id>2024QN08051</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>Fund programs  National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81450040）； Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region （No. 2024QN08051）</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="6"/><table-count count="0"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="32"/><page-count count="6"/><word-count count="14730"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>version</meta-name><meta-value>1.0.0.25071</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>structure-time</meta-name><meta-value>2026-05-28T11:37:53</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>word-source</meta-name><meta-value>FX</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p specific-use="noneIndent">录用;接受;:2026 - 02 - 01 接收</p><p>动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis， AS）是一种慢性、炎症性血管疾病<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>，动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病（atherosclerotic cardio vascular disease， ASCVD）是全球死亡的主要原因<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>］</sup>。AS的发病机制是低密度脂蛋白（low-density lipoprotein， LDL）迁移到受损的动脉内膜被氧化和过度摄取，激活血管内皮细胞释放细胞因子和趋化因子<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>］</sup>，吸引巨噬细胞趋化至病变区域。早期，巨噬细胞通过自噬有效降低细胞内脂质积累，减少泡沫细胞形成<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>］</sup>。而晚期巨噬细胞大量浸润AS斑块，并分泌基质降解酶，导致斑块不稳定和破裂<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>］</sup>。该文总结了近5年的相关研究成果，分别从促进和抑制AS的横向维度出发，系统梳理AS发展过程中调控巨噬细胞的相关机制，并引入以巨噬细胞为靶点治疗AS的相关药物进一步讨论其作用，旨在为AS的临床诊疗提供新的思路。</p><sec id="s1"><label>1</label><title>巨噬细胞</title><p>巨噬细胞是常见的免疫细胞，在AS中由迁移到血管损伤部位的单核细胞分化而来，是AS相关脂质代谢、炎症反应和免疫调节的中心<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>。巨噬细胞进入动脉内膜极化成不同亚型<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>］</sup>。根据其极化状态分为M1型巨噬细胞（M1 type macrophages，M1）和M2型巨噬细胞（M2 type macrophages，M2）。干扰素-γ（interferon gamma，IFN-γ）、脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide，LPS）激活M1，白细胞介素（interleukin，IL）-13和IL-4激活M2。M1产生IL-6、IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α）等促炎因子，M2产生IL-10等抗炎因子<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>］</sup>。M1依赖糖酵解供能，M2依赖氧化磷酸化供能，与AS斑块环境和形态的变化密切相关<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>］</sup>。巨噬细胞介导的AS发病机制涵盖其活化、极化、自噬、凋亡、能量代谢等多个病理生理过程<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>，巨噬细胞功能障碍是AS的驱动因素<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>］</sup>。近年来的研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>］</sup>表明调节巨噬细胞功能是治疗AS的新靶点。</p></sec><sec id="s2"><label>2</label><title>巨噬细胞极化与AS</title><p>巨噬细胞极化是指免疫微环境中的不同物质刺激其呈现不同的功能形态，以增强其应对微环境变化的能力的过程，M1、M2是经典的极化后分型<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>］</sup>。M2可进一步分为M2a、M2b、M2c 3个亚型；近年来研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>］</sup>发现Mox型、HA-mac型、Mhem型、M（Hb） 型、M4型等亚型，分别对应磷脂、斑块内出血、血红素活性、血红蛋白、趋化因子 CXCL4等不同刺激因子。</p><p>促进M1极化导致AS发生，促进M2、抑制M1极化延缓AS发展。Farias-Itao et al<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>］</sup>报道斑块周围脂肪组织中的M1与动脉血栓形成、斑块破裂高度相关，而M2与斑块稳定、外膜层血管数量减少相关。此外，青蒿琥酯（artesunate， ART）调节缺氧诱导因子-1α （hypoxia-inducible factor-1α， HIF-1α）和核因子κB（nuclear factor kappa-B， NF-κB）信号通路的表达抑制M1极化来缓解AS<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">13</xref>］</sup>。Song et al<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>报道衣康酸盐（Itaconate）通过上调小鼠巨噬细胞中的核因子红细胞2相关因子2（nuclear factorerythroid2–relatedfactor2， Nrf2）抑制其极化延缓AS。弱紫外线B（ultra violetradiation b， UVB）照射促进蛋白激酶B（protein kinase B， PKB）磷酸化，促进M2巨噬细胞表型增加，稳定AS斑块<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>］</sup>。Duan et al<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>发现巨噬细胞内线粒体载脂蛋白A-I结合蛋白（mitochondrial apolipoprotein A-I binding protein， AIBP）的缺乏导致线粒体代谢紊乱，促进磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物诱导激酶1（phosphatase and tensin homolog induced putative kinase 1， PINK1）的切割来减少线粒体自噬的形成、促进M1极化，继而促进AS。另有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">15</xref>］</sup>表明肝细胞生长因子（ hepatocyte growth factor， HGF） 通过增加AS模型兔主动脉粥样斑块胶原纤维和血管平滑肌细胞含量，抑制M1浸润，诱导M2分化促进斑块稳定，抑制AS进展。提示巨噬细胞极化后的不同分型对AS进展的影响各异（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>）。</p><fig position="float" id="F1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.024.F001</object-id><label>图1</label><caption><title>AS中影响巨噬细胞极化的因素</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.1</label><title>Factors influencing macrophage polarization in AS</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F001.eps" id="Graphic1"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="52.91666412"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="52.91666412"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="52.91666412"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><fig position="float" id="F2"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.024.F002</object-id><label>图2</label><caption><title>AS中影响巨噬细胞极化的因素</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.2</label><title>Factors influencing macrophage polarization in AS</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F002.eps" id="Graphic2"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="53.26945114"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="53.26945114"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="53.26945114"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s3"><label>3</label><title>巨噬细胞的能量代谢与AS</title><p>巨噬细胞的能量代谢受丙酮酸激酶-2（pyruvate kinase muscle2， PKM2）、糖酵解等多种因素调节，促使其发挥不同生理功能。研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">16</xref>］</sup>表明氧化的低密度脂蛋白（oxidized low-density lipoprotein， ox LDL）上调巨噬细胞中的PKM2，促进其吞噬ox LDL，导致AS发生（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">图3</xref>），PKM2抑制剂可阻断小鼠AS进展。Zhang et al<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>］</sup>报道抑制巨噬细胞胞质内单羧酸转运蛋白-4（monocarboxylatetransporter-4， MCT4）可使组蛋白乳酸化，激活相应修复基因介导局部AS斑块修复过程，延缓AS进展。还有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">18</xref>］</sup>指出巨噬细胞特异性表达戊二氧还蛋白1（glutaredoxin 1， Grx1）保护其免受高胆固醇饮食诱导的蛋白S谷胱甘肽化导致的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶1（mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1， MKP-1）降解，从而降低其趋化性，发挥抑制炎症、氧化应激的作用，抑制AS。由此可见，巨噬细胞的能量代谢与功能障碍可进一步调节AS的进展（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">图4</xref>）。</p><fig position="float" id="F3"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.024.F003</object-id><label>图3</label><caption><title>巨噬细胞的能量代谢与功能障碍对AS产生影响</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.3</label><title>The impact of energy metabolism and functionalimpairment of macrophages on AS</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F003.eps" id="Graphic3"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="58.56111145"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F003.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="58.56111145"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F003c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="58.56111145"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><fig position="float" id="F4"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.024.F004</object-id><label>图4</label><caption><title>巨噬细胞的能量代谢与功能障碍对AS产生影响</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.4</label><title>The impact of energy metabolism and functional impairment of macrophages on AS</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F004.eps" id="Graphic4"><?fx-imagestate width="150.28332520" height="99.83611298"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F004.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="150.28332520" height="99.83611298"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F004c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="150.28332520" height="99.83611298"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s4"><label>4</label><title>脂质代谢介导巨噬细胞影响AS进展</title><p>LDL 是目前诊断AS的重要指标，ox LDL是AS发展的重要因素，巨噬细胞吞噬ox LDL形成泡沫细胞是AS斑块形成的关键过程，调节泡沫细胞形成的因素影响AS进展。有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref>］</sup>表明， ox LDL激活一氧化氮合酶1（nitric oxide synthase-1， NOS1）衍生一氧化氮（nitric oxide， NO），导致CD40配体在巨噬细胞中表达和可溶因子CD40受体在内皮细胞中表达，进而导致炎症反应增加。抑制NOS1衍生NO可能是限制AS的有效策略。ox LDL诱导巨噬细胞表达膜打孔蛋白E（gasdermin E， GSDME）介导细胞调亡导致炎症恶化<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">20</xref>］</sup>，从而加重AS。G蛋白α亚基（G protein stimulatory α subunit proteins， Gsα）调节AS发展过程中泡沫细胞的形成<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref>］</sup>。Gsα介导 cAMP 反应元件结合蛋白 （cAMP response element binding protein， CREB）调节 CD36 表达，促进ox LDL摄取生成泡沫细胞，促进AS。Wang et al<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">22</xref>］</sup>报道，含溴结构域的蛋白4（bromo domain-containing protein 4， BRD4）促进 LPS 诱导的巨噬细胞衰老，使其摄取更多脂质，加重AS。亦有研究发现，在 AS中，巨噬细胞中与X基因连锁的泛素特异性肽酶 9（ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9X-linked，USP9X）表达降低，其与巨噬细胞浸润、泡沫细胞形成、脂质沉 积和坏死核心含量增加明显相关<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">23</xref>］</sup>。巨噬细胞在AS的脂质代谢中扮演重要角色（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">图5</xref>）。</p><fig position="float" id="F5"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.024.F005</object-id><label>图5</label><caption><title>脂质代谢介导巨噬细胞影响AS进展的机制</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.5</label><title>The mechanism by which lipid metabolism mediates macrophage influence on AS progression</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F005.eps" id="Graphic5"><?fx-imagestate width="135.46667480" height="86.78334045"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F005.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="135.46667480" height="86.78334045"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F005c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="135.46667480" height="86.78334045"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s5"><label>5</label><title>与巨噬细胞相互作用的其它细胞对AS的影响</title><p>内皮细胞、红细胞、中性粒细胞、T细胞等通过和巨噬细胞相互作用影响AS进展。如前文所述ox LDL激活 NOS1及 CD40 配体表达，增加巨噬细胞和内皮细胞之间的滚动、黏附的相互作用，促进AS形成<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref>］</sup>。红细胞<italic>Jak2</italic>基因V617F突变导致红细胞定性、定量缺陷，加剧巨噬细胞对其的吞噬作用，加剧AS<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">24</xref>］</sup>。中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（neutrophil extracellular traps， NETs）被报道可促进糖尿病小鼠巨噬细胞炎症，促进AS进展<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">25</xref>］</sup>。另有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">26</xref>］</sup>表明，巨噬细胞干扰素基因刺激因子通路诱导其向M1极化，继而促进T细胞的功能应答，而T细胞在AS斑块中明显富集<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">27</xref>］</sup>。由此可见，研究调控巨噬细胞与其他细胞相互作用的机制或可为治疗AS提供新的思路。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><label>6</label><title>以巨噬细胞为靶点治疗AS的药物</title><p>目前对于已确诊为AS的患者，常采用他汀类药物或联合依折麦布治疗，以降低血液中LDL浓度<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">28</xref>］</sup>。但他汀类药物升高血糖水平，或增加新发糖尿病的风险；且有研究报道服用他汀类药物后可诱发肝转氨酶升高、凝血酶原时间延长、 胆红素升高、肝肿大等表现，除此之外亦有乏力、关节痛、肌痛等不良反应，提示部分人群对他汀类药物的不耐受及药物本身存在局限性<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">30</xref>］</sup>。近年来，研发以巨噬细胞为靶点治疗AS的药物成为热门（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">图6</xref>）。研究发现C型利钠肽（C-type natriuretic peptide， CNP）在早期AS斑块的巨噬细胞中积累，促进抗炎巨噬细胞表型和胞吐作用，减少泡沫细胞形成和坏死性凋亡，改善巨噬细胞炎症反应<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">31</xref>］</sup>。此外，M1/M2巨噬细胞靶向纳米技术和蛋白水解靶向嵌合体（proteo lysis-targeting chimera， PROTAC）技术或成为治疗AS的新手段<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>］</sup>。PROTAC技术是一种靶向蛋白质降解技术，其介导靶蛋白的降解，并作为一种新型治疗方式在临床前和临床应用中得到广泛认可。巨噬细胞仿生纳米颗粒的应用对治疗AS有良好前景，源自巨噬细胞膜包被的活性氧反应性纳米颗粒的仿生药物递送系统避免了反应性纳米颗粒从网状内皮系统中清除，并将反应性纳米颗粒有效引导至炎症组织，或可对AS有显著疗效<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">32</xref>］</sup>。以上研究提示，靶向巨噬细胞治疗AS有巨大的应用潜力。</p><fig position="float" id="F6"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.024.F006</object-id><label>图6</label><caption><title>以巨噬细胞为靶点治疗AS的药物</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.6</label><title>Drugs targeting macrophages for the treatment of AS</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F006.eps" id="Graphic6"><?fx-imagestate width="140.40554810" height="98.07222748"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F006.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="140.40554810" height="98.07222748"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/D8E0EC44-E298-406f-8037-0E1ADF45F7D8-F006c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="140.40554810" height="98.07222748"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s7"><label>7</label><title>小结</title><p>巨噬细胞作为AS发病的关键免疫细胞，是脂质代谢、炎症反应和免疫调节的中心，其功能状态直接驱动AS进程。M1、M2是经典的的极化后分型，促进M1极化或抑制M2极化会加剧斑块不稳定性，而促进M2极化则有助于斑块稳定、延缓AS进展。HIF-1α、NF-κB、Nrf2、PINK1等多种信号通路参与调控此过程。AS进展伴随巨噬细胞代谢从氧化磷酸化向糖酵解转变。PKM2、MCT4、Grx1等代谢关键分子通过影响组蛋白修饰、炎症反应和脂质吞噬等过程，调节AS发展。ox LDL是泡沫细胞形成的关键因素，调控泡沫细胞形成仍是治疗AS的关键靶点。巨噬细胞与内皮细胞、红细胞、中性粒细胞、T细胞等相互作用，共同构成复杂的AS炎症微环境。他汀类药物是目前治疗AS的主要手段，但其存在新发糖尿病风险、肝毒性等副作用。深入研究巨噬细胞调控AS发展的作用机制，开发以巨噬细胞特定功能或亚型为靶点的新型疗法为AS的临床诊断和治疗提供新思路。</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>参考文献</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" 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