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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="zh" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1.xsd"><front><journal-meta><!-- 出版商赋予期刊ID--><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">YIKE</journal-id><journal-title-group><!-- 期刊中文全称--><journal-title>安徽医科大学学报</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文全称--><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</abbrev-journal-title><!-- 期刊中文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">安徽医科大学学报</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><!-- 期刊ISSN号--><issn pub-type="ppub">1000-1492</issn><!-- 期刊CN号--><issn pub-type="cn">34-1065/R</issn><publisher><!--出版商英文名称【预置实体】 待确认 --><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Anhui Lianzhong Printing Limited Company</publisher-name><!--出版商英文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc xml:lang="en">Editorial Board of Acta Universitatis Medi-cinalis Anhui Meishan Road , Hefei 230032</publisher-loc><!-- 出版商中文名称【预置实体】--><publisher-name>《安徽医科大学学报》编辑部</publisher-name><!--出版商中文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc>安徽省合肥市安徽医科大学校内老图书馆三楼</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1000–1492（2026）04–0776–06</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.025</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">4 V223 王雨蓉  </article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="clc"><subject>R363.2+1</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="dc"><subject>A</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>综述</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>神经退行性疾病致病新通路：氧化和铁死亡</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>New pathways in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis： oxidative stress and ferroptosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>王</surname><given-names>雨蓉</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Yurong</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>袁</surname><given-names>建龙</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yuan</surname><given-names>Jianlong</given-names></name></name-alternatives><role>综述</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>刘</surname><given-names>秉春</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Bingchun</given-names></name></name-alternatives><role>审校</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>  <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna2"/></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><label>1</label><institution>内蒙古医科大学附属医院器官移植中心实验室</institution>，<city>呼和浩特</city>  <postal-code>010050</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label><institution>Laboratory of Organ Transplantation， Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical  University</institution>， <city>Hohhot</city>     <postal-code>010050</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><label>2</label><institution>内蒙古医科大学附属医院检验科</institution>，<city>呼和浩特</city>  <postal-code>010050</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label><institution>Dept of Laboratory Medicine， Affiliated Hospital of  Inner Mongolia Medical University</institution>， <city>Hohhot</city>     <postal-code>010050</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp xml:lang="en" id="cor1">Liu Bingchun， E-mail： <email>liubc@immu.edu.cn</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna1"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">王雨蓉</named-content>，女，硕士研究生</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna2"><p>刘秉春，女，副主任技师，通信作者，E-mail：<email>liubc@immu.edu.cn</email></p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-09T17：28：48"><day>09</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-id>15</issue-id><fpage>776</fpage><lpage>781</lpage><page-range>776-781</page-range>  <history><date date-type="received">        <day>01</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><abstract abstract-type="key-points"><p>神经退行性疾病，如阿尔茨海默病（AD）、帕金森病（PD）及亨廷顿舞蹈症（HD）等，日益成为全球公共卫生面临的重要挑战。这些疾病的发病机制极为复杂，而氧化损伤和铁死亡可能是其核心因素之一。氧化损伤主要由细胞内活性氧（ROS）的积累引起，这一过程导致细胞功能受损和失去生存能力；而铁死亡是一种铁依赖性的程序性细胞死亡形式，这两者在神经元的损伤和凋亡过程中起着至关重要的作用。多项研究表明，氧化损伤与铁死亡之间存在显著的相互作用，这种相互关系不仅会加速神经退行性疾病的病程，同时为潜在的治疗靶点提供了新的方向。本文系统解析氧化损伤及铁死亡在多个神经退行性疾病中的作用机制，评估当前研究的前沿进展，并探讨可行的治疗策略，以期为该领域的深入研究提供新的见解和思路。</p></abstract><trans-abstract abstract-type="key-points" xml:lang="en"><p>Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease （AD）， Parkinson's disease （PD）， and Huntington's disease （HD） are increasingly becoming major challenges to global public health. The pathogenesis of these diseases is highly complex， with oxidative damage and ferroptosis emerging as potential core factors. Oxidative damage primarily results from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） within cells， a process that impairs cellular function and viability. Ferroptosis， an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death， plays a crucial role in neuronal injury and apoptosis. Multiple studies indicate a significant interaction between oxidative damage and ferroptosis. This interplay not only accelerates the progression of neurodegenerative diseases but also offers new directions for potential therapeutic targets. This review systematically analyzes the mechanisms of oxidative damage and ferroptosis in various neurodegenerative diseases， evaluates current research frontiers， and explores feasible therapeutic strategies， aiming to provide new insights and perspectives for in-depth research in this field.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>氧化损伤</kwd><kwd>铁死亡</kwd><kwd>神经退行性疾病</kwd><kwd>阿尔茨海默病</kwd><kwd>帕金森病</kwd><kwd>治疗进展</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>oxidative damage</kwd><kwd>ferroptosis</kwd><kwd>neurodegenerative diseases</kwd><kwd>Alzheimer's disease</kwd><kwd>Parkinson's disease</kwd><kwd>treatment progress</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>首府地区公立医院高水平临床专科建设科技项目</funding-source><award-id>2024SGGZ071</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>公立医院科研联合基金科技项目</funding-source><award-id>2024GLLH0321</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>内蒙古医科大学附属医院续航人才项目</funding-source><award-id>XH202405</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>内蒙古医科大学附属医院科研项目</funding-source><award-id>2023NYFYPY006</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>内蒙古自然科学基金项目</funding-source><award-id>2023QN03047</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>内蒙古高等学校科学研究项目</funding-source><award-id>NJZZ23017</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>国家自然科学基金项目</funding-source><award-id>31960154</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>首府地区公立医院高水平临床专科建设科技项目（编号：2024SGGZ071）；公立医院科研联合基金科技项目（编号：2024GLLH0321）；内蒙古医科大学附属医院续航人才项目（编号：XH202405）；内蒙古医科大学附属医院科研项目（编号：2023NYFYPY006）；内蒙古自然科学基金项目（编号：2023QN03047）；内蒙古高等学校科学研究项目（编号：NJZZ23017）；国家自然科学基金项目（编号：31960154）</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><award-group><funding-source>Fund programs  High-Level Clinical Specialty Construction Science and Technology Project for Public Hospitals in Capital Region of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region</funding-source><award-id>2024SGGZ071</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Science and Technology Program of The Joint Fund of Scientific Research for The Public Hospitals</funding-source><award-id>2024GLLH0321</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Talent Development Project of the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University</funding-source><award-id>XH202405</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Scientific Research Project of the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University</funding-source><award-id>2023NYFYPY006</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Natural Science Foundation Project of Inner Mongolia</funding-source><award-id>2023QN03047</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Scientific Research Project in Higher Education Institutions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region</funding-source><award-id>NJZZ23017</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source><award-id>31960154</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>  High-Level Clinical Specialty Construction Science and Technology Project for Public Hospitals in Capital Region of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region （No. 2024SGGZ071）； Science and Technology Program of The Joint Fund of Scientific Research for The Public Hospitals （No. 2024GLLH0321）； Talent Development Project of the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University （No. XH202405）； Scientific Research Project of the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University （No. 2023NYFYPY006）； Natural Science Foundation Project of Inner Mongolia （No. 2023QN03047）； Scientific Research Project in Higher Education Institutions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region （No. NJZZ23017）； National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 31960154）</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="3"/><table-count count="1"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="31"/><page-count count="6"/><word-count count="16980"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>version</meta-name><meta-value>1.0.0.25071</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>structure-time</meta-name><meta-value>2026-05-28T11:37:18</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>word-source</meta-name><meta-value>FX</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>近年来，氧化损伤与铁死亡在神经退行性疾病中的作用备受关注。氧化应激导致活性氧（reactive oxygen species， ROS）过度累积，引发神经元成分损伤；铁死亡则是铁依赖的脂质过氧化物聚集所致的新型细胞死亡方式。神经退行性疾病以神经元逐渐减少为特征，该领域的研究正逐步揭示氧化损伤与铁死亡的作用机制<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>。二者在阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer's disease， AD）、帕金森病（Parkinson's disease， PD）等疾病中密切关联，并初步阐释了其涉及的部分通路及铁代谢异常机制<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>］</sup>。并且抗氧化剂和铁死亡抑制剂在动物模型中具有一定神经保护作用<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>］</sup>。然而，氧化损伤与铁死亡之间具体的交互节点、信号级联及其在疾病不同阶段的动态变化尚未系统阐明。此文旨在系统梳理氧化损伤与铁死亡在神经退行性病变中的互作，并展望联合靶向该通路的治疗策略，为开发多靶点神经保护方案提供新的思路。</p><sec id="s1"><label>1</label><title>氧化损伤和铁死亡在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展</title><sec id="s1a"><label>1.1</label><title>氧化损伤的机制及其在神经退行性疾病中的作用</title><sec id="s1a1"><label>1.1.1</label><title>ROS物质的产生</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">ROS是细胞代谢过程中不可避免的副产物，主要来源于线粒体的氧化磷酸化过程。在正常生理条件下，ROS在细胞信号传导和免疫反应中发挥重要作用，但其过量产生则会导致氧化应激，进而损伤细胞<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>］</sup>。线粒体是ROS生成的主要场所，尤其在细胞能量需求高的情况下，如神经元的高代谢状态下，ROS的生成显著增加<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>］</sup>。</p></sec><sec id="s1a2"><label>1.1.2</label><title>氧化应激与神经退行性疾病的关联</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">神经细胞对氧化应激敏感。氧化应激可导致细胞膜、细胞全局蛋白质和DNA的损伤，进而引发细胞功能障碍和死亡。在神经退行性疾病中，氧化应激是导致神经元死亡的关键因素之一。氧化应激损伤不仅影响神经元的生存，还可能通过诱导炎症反应进一步加重神经退行性疾病病理进程。例如，AD患者的神经元中发现了大量的氧化损伤标志物如8-羟基脱氧鸟苷和脂质过氧化产物<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>。在这些疾病中，ROS的过度产生导致神经元的功能衰退和死亡，同时也促进了病理特征的形成，如淀粉样斑块和神经纤维缠结的积累。此外，氧化损伤还可能通过影响细胞内信号通路和基因表达加剧神经退行性病变的进程。例如，氧化应激激活NF-κB通路促进炎症因子的释放，加重神经元的损伤<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>。因此，针对氧化损伤的干预措施成为了神经退行性疾病治疗的重要研究方向。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s1b"><label>1.2</label><title>铁死亡的机制及其在神经退行性疾病中的作用</title><sec id="s1b1"><label>1.2.1</label><title>铁代谢概述</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">铁是生命体内不可或缺的重要微量元素，参与多种生理过程，包括氧气运输、电子传递和细胞代谢等。铁代谢的平衡对于维持细胞功能至关重要。铁在体内的代谢主要通过肠道吸收、肝脏储存和细胞内运输来实现<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>］</sup>。铁的吸收主要依赖于肠道上皮细胞的转运蛋白，如转铁蛋白和铁转运蛋白<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>］</sup>。在细胞内，铁以铁蛋白和含铁硫簇的形式储存，以防止铁的过量积累引起氧化应激。铁代谢失衡会导致多种疾病的发生，尤其是神经退行性疾病中，铁的积累与氧化损伤密切相关<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>］</sup>。</p></sec><sec id="s1b2"><label>1.2.2</label><title>铁死亡的信号通路</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">铁死亡是一种新发现的程序性细胞死亡方式，特征是依赖于铁的脂质过氧化物的积累<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>］</sup>。铁死亡的信号通路主要包括Nrf2/HO-1通路、p53通路以及SLC7A11/GSH 通路等<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">13</xref>］</sup>。Nrf2作为抗氧化应激的关键转录因子，其激活可抑制铁死亡的发生，而p53则通过调节细胞代谢和促进脂质过氧化来诱导铁死亡<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>， <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>。SLC7A11是一个关键的胱氨酸转运蛋白，负责细胞内半胱氨酸的摄取，是合成谷胱甘肽（glutathione，GSH）的重要前体，当谷胱甘肽的缺乏时会加剧铁死亡的发生<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">15</xref>］</sup>。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s1c"><label>1.3</label><title>铁死亡与神经退行性疾病的关联</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">近年来，铁死亡在多种神经退行性疾病的发生和发展中起着重要作用。例如，在AD和PD中，铁的失衡与神经元的氧化损伤密切相关，铁死亡的激活被认为是这些疾病进展的一个重要机制<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">16</xref>］</sup>。铁死亡通过促进脂质过氧化和细胞膜损伤，导致神经元的死亡，从而加速神经退行性疾病的进程。此外，铁死亡的抑制被视为治疗神经退行性疾病的潜在策略，通过调节相关信号通路，可以有效减缓疾病的进展<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>。铁死亡的机制及其在神经退行性疾病中的作用是一个复杂而重要的研究领域。通过深入理解铁死亡的信号通路及其与铁代谢的关系，有望为神经退行性疾病的治疗提供新的思路和策略。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2"><label>2</label><title>氧化损伤与铁死亡的相互关系</title><sec id="s2a"><label>2.1</label><title>氧化应激促进铁死亡的机制</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">氧化应激可以通过影响铁转运蛋白和储存蛋白的表达，导致细胞内游离铁的增加，从而促进铁死亡的发生。例如，氧化应激的增加会抑制铁调素的合成，导致铁过载<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>］</sup>。氧化应激还可以通过增强脂质过氧化反应来促进铁死亡。脂质过氧化是铁死亡的关键特征之一<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>，而氧化应激可以通过增加ROS的产生，促进脂质的过氧化。氧化应激可以促进不饱和脂肪酸的合成，从而增加脂质过氧化物的生成<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">18</xref>］</sup>，最终诱导铁死亡。此外，细胞内的抗氧化酶如谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4（glutathione peroxidase 4， GPX4）在抵御氧化损伤中起着重要作用。氧化应激可以导致GPX4的表达下降，从而降低细胞对脂质过氧化物的清除能力，进一步促进铁死亡的发生<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>。见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">图1</xref>。</p><fig position="float" id="F1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.025.F001</object-id><label>图1</label><caption><title>铁代谢紊乱驱动氧化应激与脂质过氧化</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.1</label><title>Iron metabolism dysregulation drivesoxidative stress and lipid peroxidation</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/19A5D989-A046-417b-BD36-F244C2FEDB9A-F001.eps" id="Graphic1"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="80.43333435"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/19A5D989-A046-417b-BD36-F244C2FEDB9A-F001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="80.43333435"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/19A5D989-A046-417b-BD36-F244C2FEDB9A-F001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="80.43333435"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2b"><label>2.2</label><title>铁死亡导致的氧化损伤加剧</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">铁死亡不仅是氧化应激的结果，还可以反过来加剧氧化损伤<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>。铁死亡的发生伴随着脂质过氧化物的积累会导致细胞膜的损伤，从而引发氧化应激的进一步加剧。铁死亡引发的氧化损伤在神经细胞中尤为显著。铁死亡的发生会导致神经细胞内的ROS水平显著上升，从而引发细胞损伤和死亡。例如，AD模型中，铁死亡的发生与神经细胞的氧化损伤密切相关，铁死亡抑制剂能够显著减轻神经细胞的氧化损伤<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref>］</sup>。此外，铁死亡导致的氧化损伤还可能通过激活炎症反应加剧神经损伤。铁死亡过程中释放的细胞内成分可以激活小胶质细胞，导致炎症因子的释放，进一步加重神经细胞的氧化损伤<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>。因此，铁死亡与氧化损伤之间的相互作用形成了一个恶性循环，促进了神经退行性疾病的进展。见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">图2</xref>。</p><fig position="float" id="F2"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.025.F002</object-id><label>图 2</label><caption><title>铁死亡引发神经细胞损伤的核心机制</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.2</label><title>The core mechanism of neuronal damage induced by ferroptosis</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/19A5D989-A046-417b-BD36-F244C2FEDB9A-F002.eps" id="Graphic2"><?fx-imagestate width="80.08055115" height="71.96665955"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/19A5D989-A046-417b-BD36-F244C2FEDB9A-F002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.08055115" height="71.96665955"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/19A5D989-A046-417b-BD36-F244C2FEDB9A-F002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.08055115" height="71.96665955"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2c"><label>2.3</label><title>氧化损伤与铁死亡在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展</title><sec id="s2c1"><label>2.3.1</label><title>氧化损伤与铁死亡的动物模型研究</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">近年来，氧化损伤与铁死亡在神经退行性疾病中的研究逐渐增多，特别是在动物模型中。这些模型通常通过诱导氧化应激或铁过载来模拟人类疾病的病理状态。例如，异常铁代谢会导致小鼠脑组织中ROS的显著增加，从而引发神经细胞的损伤和死亡<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>］</sup>。在AD和PD的动物模型中，通过使用铁螯合剂或抗氧化剂可以减轻氧化损伤和铁死亡的影响，结果显示这些干预措施能够有效保护神经细胞，改善认知功能<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref>］</sup>。</p></sec><sec id="s2c2"><label>2.3.2</label><title>氧化损伤与铁死亡在神经退行性疾病临床研究中的作用</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">在临床研究中，氧化损伤和铁死亡被认为是多种神经退行性疾病的重要病理机制。AD和PD患者的脑组织中，氧化应激标志物显著升高，且与疾病的严重程度相关。例如，一项对AD患者的研究发现，脑脊液中的脂质介质与认知功能下降呈正相关，提示氧化损伤可能在疾病进展中发挥关键作用<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">20</xref>］</sup>。临床试验也开始探索针对氧化损伤和铁死亡的治疗策略。例如，某些抗氧化剂［如绿茶来源的多酚（-）-表没食子酸（EGCG）］被证明能够降低AD患者的氧化应激水平，并改善认知功能<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref>］</sup>。同时，针对铁死亡的药物如ferrostatin-1在早期临床试验中显示出良好的安全性和有效性，可能为神经退行性疾病的治疗提供新的思路<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref>］</sup>。这些成果不仅加深了对氧化损伤和铁死亡在神经退行性疾病中作用的理解，也为未来的治疗策略奠定了基础。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2d"><label>2.4</label><title>神经退行性疾病中氧化损伤和铁死亡的机制与前景</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">氧化损伤的核心作用表现为：线粒体功能障碍产生过量ROS，直接损伤蛋白质、脂质和DNA等细胞成分<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>］</sup>。在AD、PD等疾病中，氧化应激不仅直接导致神经元死亡，还通过调节细胞信号通路促进疾病进展<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>］</sup>。铁死亡的致病机制在于细胞内铁代谢失衡和脂质过氧化物累积。AD患者脑组织中铁异常积累与神经元死亡密切相关，而铁死亡通过消耗细胞内GSH，进一步削弱细胞对氧化应激的防御能力<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>。治疗策略的探索主要集中在两个方面：一是应用抗氧化剂缓解氧化应激，如某些天然产物显示出显著的神经保护作用；二是开发铁死亡抑制剂，包括铁螯合剂和脂质过氧化物抑制剂，在动物模型中表现出良好的治疗效果。未来的研究可着重于开发同时靶向这两个过程的联合治疗策略，为神经退行性疾病的综合防治提供新思路。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><label>3</label><title>基于氧化损伤和铁死亡治疗策略的探索</title><sec id="s3a"><label>3.1</label><title>抗氧化剂的应用研究</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">抗氧化剂其通过清除ROS减轻氧化损伤，从而发挥神经保护作用。如黄酮类化合物、维生素等天然抗氧化剂能在AD和PD等多种动物模型中有效延缓疾病进展。例如，维生素 D与维生素 C 整合在体外对左旋多巴的神经毒性具有神经保护作用<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>］</sup>。抗氧化剂的作用机制涵盖多途径协同干预：一方面直接中和自由基，阻断氧化链式反应；另一方面调控内源性抗氧化系统，如增强GPX4的表达，促进脂质过氧化物还原，从而缓解细胞氧化应激<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">22</xref>］</sup>。近年来，植物源活性成分（如海藻多酚）也被证实具备良好的神经保护潜力，为治疗策略拓展了新方向<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">23</xref>］</sup>。抗氧化剂的类型及神经保护作用见<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">表1</xref><sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">30</xref>］</sup>。</p><table-wrap id="T1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.025.T001</object-id><label>表 1</label><caption><p>抗氧化剂类型、来源及作用</p></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Tab.1</label><title>Types， sources， and functions of antioxidants</title></abstract><alternatives><table id="Table1"><thead><tr><th align="left" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Name</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Type of antioxidants</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Source</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Effect</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="left">Hesperidin</td><td align="center">Flavonoid antioxidants</td><td align="center">Citrus fruits</td><td align="center">Improves cerebral blood circulation and cognitive function， anticonvulsant， antidepressant， antioxidant， and enhances motor activity.</td><td align="center"><sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">24</xref>］</sup></td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Naringin</td><td align="center">Flavonoid antioxidants</td><td align="center">Citrus fruits</td><td align="center">Neuroprotective effect</td><td align="center"><sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">25</xref>］</sup></td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Luteolin</td><td align="center">Flavonoid antioxidants</td><td align="center">Goldenseal</td><td align="center">Neuroprotective effects， restoration of cognitive impairment， and inhibition of microglia-associated inflammatory pathways.</td><td align="center"><sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">26</xref>］</sup></td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Shikimic acid</td><td align="center">Flavonoid antioxidants</td><td align="center">Tea， beans， strawberries， broccoli</td><td align="center">Neuroprotective effect</td><td align="center"><sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">27</xref>］</sup></td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Genistein aglycone， genistein</td><td align="center">Flavonoid antioxidants</td><td align="center">Legumes</td><td align="center">Significantly reduce tau hyperphosphorylation.</td><td align="center"><sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">28</xref>］</sup></td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Curcumin</td><td align="center">Polyphenolic antioxidants</td><td align="center">Turmeric</td><td align="center">Antioxidant effects and amyloid beta binding prevent AD</td><td align="center"><sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">29</xref>］</sup></td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="border-bottom:solid;">Epigallocatechin-3-gallate</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">Polyphenolic antioxidants</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">Green tea</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">Suppress oxidative stress， reduce high levels of ROS， and improve AD</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;"><sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">30</xref>］</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/19A5D989-A046-417b-BD36-F244C2FEDB9A-T001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="83.21283722"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/19A5D989-A046-417b-BD36-F244C2FEDB9A-T001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="83.21283722"?></graphic></alternatives></table-wrap></sec><sec id="s3b"><label>3.2</label><title>铁调节治疗的方法</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">铁的过量积累与多种神经退行性疾病密切相关，铁介导的氧化应激被认为是导致神经元死亡的重要因素<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">31</xref>］</sup>。因此，铁调节治疗成为一种有前景的治疗策略。铁螯合剂能够有效降低体内铁的积累，并通过减少氧化应激和抑制脂质过氧化，改善神经元的存活率，从而减轻神经退行性疾病的病理变化<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref>］</sup>。这些结果表明，铁调节治疗不仅可以降低铁的毒性，还可能通过改善细胞的氧化还原状态来发挥神经保护作用。结合抗氧化剂和铁调节剂的联合治疗策略也值得进一步研究，以期在神经退行性疾病的治疗中取得更好的效果。</p></sec><sec id="s3c"><label>3.3</label><title>抗氧化-铁稳态调控轴</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">铁死亡与氧化应激共同构成推动疾病进展的关键轴心。基于这一机制，有研究者提出“抗氧化-铁稳态调控轴”模型，旨在系统阐释二者在神经退行性变中的协同致病作用。该模型强调，细胞内抗氧化能力的衰竭与铁代谢紊乱是相互促进的统一病理过程：氧化应激不仅消耗还原型GSH并抑制GPX4活性，导致脂质过氧化物积累，同时促进细胞内游离铁释放，进一步催化脂质过氧化反应<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>。在这一框架下，综合治疗策略应同时靶向氧化损伤与铁死亡两个维度。抗氧化剂可与铁螯合剂二者联用以期协同神经保护效应。</p></sec><sec id="s3d"><label>3.4</label><title>治疗策略小结</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">氧化损伤与铁死亡之间构成一个多个正反馈回路驱动的、自我放大的恶性循环。它们的关系是“触发-执行-放大”的一体化过程。该进程始于大量ROS的产生，精准地瓦解其抗氧化防御：通过消耗GSH和直接氧化失活GPX4，系统性地解除了细胞对脂质过氧化物的抵抗能力。铁依赖的脂质过氧化反应产生新的脂质ROS，并将氧化损伤从局部应激扩散<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>。这一循环启动、放大了Nrf2防御枢纽与p53应激枢纽的竞争性精密调控，其中p53对SLC7A11的转录抑制破坏代谢稳态，切断了GSH的合成原料<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">31</xref>］</sup>。因此，治疗范式必须从单一的抗氧化策略转向联合干预，即同时使用铁死亡抑制剂并应用Nrf2激动剂修复整个防御系统，为治疗疾病进展提供新希望。见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">图3</xref>。</p><fig position="float" id="F3"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.025.F003</object-id><label>图 3</label><caption><title>氧化损伤与铁死亡间的交互网络</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.3</label><title>The interplay between oxidative damage and ferroptosis</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/19A5D989-A046-417b-BD36-F244C2FEDB9A-F003.eps" id="Graphic3"><?fx-imagestate width="80.08055115" height="57.50277328"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/19A5D989-A046-417b-BD36-F244C2FEDB9A-F003.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.08055115" height="57.50277328"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/19A5D989-A046-417b-BD36-F244C2FEDB9A-F003c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.08055115" height="57.50277328"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><label>4</label><title>结论</title><p>氧化损伤与铁死亡在神经退行性疾病中的相互作用正成为该领域的研究热点。氧化应激产生的过量ROS不仅直接损害细胞功能，更为铁死亡的发生创造关键条件。而脂质过氧化又会进一步生成大量ROS，从而形成不断自我强化的恶性循环。氧化应激可通过调控Nrf2/GPX4与p53/SLC7A11等信号通路，深刻影响铁死亡的进程。在AD、PD等疾病中，这一相互作用尤为突出：氧化损伤持续削弱细胞的抗氧化防御体系，而铁死亡则直接导致神经元的快速丧失。针对氧化损伤与铁死亡的联合干预策略显示出重要潜力。未来研究需进一步系统解析二者在不同病理背景下的交互网络，从而为神经退行性疾病的临床干预开辟新的路径。</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>参考文献</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" publication-format="print" xml:lang="en"><person-group><name name-style="eastern"><surname>Long</surname><given-names>H Z</given-names></name>， <name name-style="eastern"><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Z W</given-names></name>， <name name-style="eastern"><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>， <etal>et al</etal></person-group>. <article-title>The role of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease from the perspective of immune inflammation and iron metabolism</article-title>［J］. <source>Front Aging Neurosci</source>， 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