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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="zh" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1.xsd"><front><journal-meta><!-- 出版商赋予期刊ID--><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">YIKE</journal-id><journal-title-group><!-- 期刊中文全称--><journal-title>安徽医科大学学报</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文全称--><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</abbrev-journal-title><!-- 期刊中文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">安徽医科大学学报</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><!-- 期刊ISSN号--><issn pub-type="ppub">1000-1492</issn><!-- 期刊CN号--><issn pub-type="cn">34-1065/R</issn><publisher><!--出版商英文名称【预置实体】 待确认 --><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Anhui Lianzhong Printing Limited Company</publisher-name><!--出版商英文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc xml:lang="en">Editorial Board of Acta Universitatis Medi-cinalis Anhui Meishan Road , Hefei 230032</publisher-loc><!-- 出版商中文名称【预置实体】--><publisher-name>《安徽医科大学学报》编辑部</publisher-name><!--出版商中文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc>安徽省合肥市安徽医科大学校内老图书馆三楼</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1000–1492（2026）04–0789–06</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.027</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">23 V259 韩全成 -1</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="clc"><subject>R783.5</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="dc"><subject>A</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>综述</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>离子通道在治疗颞下颌关节紊乱疾病中的作用</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The role of ion channels in the therapeutic management of temporomandibular joint disorders</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>韩</surname><given-names>全成</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Quancheng</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna1"/></contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>刘</surname><given-names>小郁</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Xiaoyu</given-names></name></name-alternatives>    <role>综述</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>吴</surname><given-names>婷婷</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Tingting</given-names></name></name-alternatives>  <role>审校</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>    <xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna2"/><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor2"/></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution>安徽医科大学口腔医学院，安徽医科大学附属口腔医院， 安徽省口腔疾病研究重点实验室</institution>，<city>合肥</city>  <postal-code>230032</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>College &amp; Hospital of Stomatology， Anhui Medical University， Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research</institution>， <city>Hefei</city>  <postal-code>230032</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><author-notes><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna1"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">韩全成</named-content>，男，硕士，主治医师</p></fn>      <fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna2"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">吴婷婷</named-content>，女，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，通信作者，E-mail： <email>wutingting@ahmu.edu.cn</email></p></fn>    <corresp xml:lang="en" id="cor1">Wu Tingting， E-mail： wutingting@ahmu.edu.cn</corresp>  </author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-05T16：07：50"><day>05</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-id>15</issue-id><fpage>789</fpage><lpage>794</lpage><page-range>789-794</page-range>  <history><date date-type="received">        <day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><abstract abstract-type="key-points"><p>颞下颌关节紊乱（TMD）是一类涉及咀嚼肌群、颞下颌关节及相关结构的常见疾病。目前，国内外多数学者认为颞下颌关节紊乱病是一类病因较为复杂的疾病，临床上多数患者以疼痛为主诉就诊，尚无有效的治疗方法，近年来离子通道在其病理机制与治疗中的作用日益受到关注。文章系统综述了离子通道在治疗颞下颌关节疾病中的作用，首先探讨了离子通道在治疗颞下颌关节紊乱疾病治疗中多方面的功能，包括对颞下颌关节肌肉功能障碍、关节结构异常以及颞下颌关节相关疼痛的调节作用。最后展望了离子通道研究在TMD治疗中的潜在价值，随着该领域研究的深入，针对颞下颌关节疾病的离子通道靶向治疗有望取得新的突破，从而为开发新型临床治疗策略提供重要的理论依据与实践指导。</p></abstract><trans-abstract abstract-type="key-points" xml:lang="en"><p>Temporomandibular disorders （TMD） encompass a prevalent group of conditions affecting the masticatory muscles， temporomandibular joint， and associated structures. Currently， it is widely recognized by scholars both domestically and internationally that TMD has a complex etiology and pathogenesis. Most patients present clinically with pain， yet effective treatment options remain limited. In recent years， the role of ion channels in the pathological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for TMD has garnered increasing attention. This review systematically summarizes the function of ion channels in the management of temporomandibular joint diseases. First， the multifaceted roles of ion channels in treating TMD are examined， including their regulatory effects on TMJ muscle dysfunction， joint structural abnormalities， and TMJ-related pain. Finally， the potential value of ion channel research in TMD therapy is discussed. With advancing research in this field， ion channel-targeted therapies for temporomandibular disorders are expected to achieve new breakthroughs， thereby providing an important theoretical foundation and practical guidance for developing novel clinical treatment strategies.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>颞下颌关节紊乱疾病</kwd><kwd>离子通道</kwd><kwd>功能障碍</kwd><kwd>疼痛机制</kwd><kwd>治疗靶点</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>SMYD5</kwd><kwd>ribosomal methyltransferase</kwd><kwd>hepatocellular carcinoma</kwd><kwd>gastric adenocarcinoma</kwd><kwd>lung cancer</kwd><kwd>inflammatory bowel disease</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>国家自然科学基金项目</funding-source><award-id>81600845</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>安徽省高校科研项目</funding-source><award-id>2022AH050734</award-id><award-id>2023AH050635</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>安徽医科大学口腔医学院（附属口腔医院）学科建设“峰原”项目</funding-source><award-id>2022xkfyts06</award-id><award-id>2023xkfytszd02</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>国家自然科学基金项目（编号：81600845）；安徽省高校科研项目（编号：2022AH050734、2023AH050635）；安徽医科大学口腔医学院（附属口腔医院）学科建设“峰原”项目（编号：2022xkfyts06、2023xkfytszd02）</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><award-group><funding-source>Fund programs National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source><award-id>82560288</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Guangxi Natural Science Foundation</funding-source><award-id>2024GXNSFAA010120</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education</funding-source><award-id>JGY2024318</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>2024 Baise City Self-funded Scientific Research and Technology Development Program</funding-source><award-id>20250320</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Fund programs  National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source><award-id>81600845</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee</funding-source><award-id>2022AH050734</award-id><award-id>2023AH050635</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Discipline Construction “Fengyuan” Collaborative Projects of College &amp; Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University</funding-source><award-id>2022xkfyts06</award-id><award-id>2023xkfytszd02</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 82560288）； Guangxi Natural Science Foundation （No. 2024GXNSFAA010120）； Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education （No. JGY2024318）； 2024 Baise City Self-funded Scientific Research and Technology Development Program （No. 20250320）</funding-statement><funding-statement>Fund programs  National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81600845）； Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee （Nos. 2022AH050734， 2023AH050635）； Discipline Construction “Fengyuan” Collaborative Projects of College &amp; Hospital of Stomatology， Anhui Medical University （Nos. 2022xkfyts06， 2023xkfytszd02）</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="0"/><table-count count="0"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="32"/><page-count count="6"/><word-count count="17748"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>version</meta-name><meta-value>1.0.0.25071</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>structure-time</meta-name><meta-value>2026-05-28T11:37:21</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>word-source</meta-name><meta-value>FX</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>颞下颌关节疾病（temporomandibular disorders， TMD）是一组影响颞下颌关节 （temporomandibular joint， TMJ）及其相关结构的常见疾病，主要表现为关节疼痛、功能障碍和肌肉紧张等症状<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>。其作为继龋病、牙周病、错颌畸形之后的口腔颌面部第四大常见疾病，不仅涉及TMJ的结构紊乱，还影响到周围肌群的功能，对患者的日常生活和生活质量造成影响<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>］</sup>。目前，国内外多数学者认为TMJ紊乱病是一类病因较为复杂的疾病，临床上多数患者以疼痛为主诉就诊，尚无有效的治疗方法<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>］</sup>。随着对TMD病理机制的深入研究，离子通道在该疾病中的作用逐渐受到关注，离子通道作为细胞膜上的重要蛋白质，在调节细胞内外离子平衡、信号传导和细胞功能方面发挥着关键作用。它们参与多种生理过程，如神经冲动传递、肌肉收缩、激素分泌和细胞增殖等。离子通道功能的异常与多种疾病的发生密切相关<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>］</sup>，包括心血管疾病、神经系统疾病和疼痛相关疾病等<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>］</sup>。离子通道的功能异常也可能直接或间接参与TMJ疾病的发病过程<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>。例如，机械门控性离子通道对关节内的机械刺激敏感，可能响应关节盘移位、咬合创伤等机械性因素，从而引发关节炎症反应和疼痛<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>］</sup>。此外，离子通道的异常还可能导致关节软骨的破坏和骨质增生等病理改变<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>］</sup>。因此，在TMD中，深入研究离子通道的功能和调控机制对于理解疾病病理生理过程和开发新的治疗策略具有重要意义。</p><sec id="s1"><label>1</label><title>离子通道在TMJ肌肉相关疾病中的作用</title><sec id="s1a"><label>1.1</label><title>钠离子通道与肌肉痉挛</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">离子通道在细胞的电兴奋性中起关键作用，如钠离子和钙离子通道主要调控肌肉的去极化和兴奋-收缩耦联过程决定肌肉的收缩力和反应速度，如电压门控钠通道亚型Nav1.4、Nav1.7的异常开放可引发肌肉细胞持续去极化，加剧肌纤维收缩和代谢性酸中毒。TMJ疾病中，患者常因炎症、创伤或咬合紊乱等因素，可能导致肌肉离子通道的功能异常，进而引发肌肉紧张、痉挛和疼痛等症状。</p><p>在TMJ肌肉功能方面，电压门控钠通道和钙通道参与调节咀嚼肌的兴奋-收缩耦联过程。研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>表明TMD患者咀嚼肌中Nav1.4的表达水平显著升高，可能导致肌肉过度兴奋和疲劳。Deuis et al<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>］</sup>揭示了Nav1.6通道在不同疼痛通路中的作用。电压门控性钠离子通道Nav1.7，它主要分布于伤害感受器及周围感觉神经元中，在疼痛感知中起着重要作用，与疼痛密切相关，仅缺失Nav1.7就会导致疼痛完全消失<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>。有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>表明，在TMJ炎性痛中，三叉神经节（trigeminal ganglion， TG）中的Nav1.7与发炎的TMJ的异常性疼痛有关。利用完全弗氏佐剂（complete adjuvant of freund， CFA）诱导雌性大鼠TMJ炎症，将CFA注射到TMJ中24 h后，非甾体抗炎药（non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs， NSAIDs） 减轻了发炎TMJ的痛觉过敏，同时阻断了炎症诱导的TG中<italic>Nav1.7</italic> mRNA和蛋白表达的上调，说明NSAIDs减轻颞下颌关节炎症的痛觉过敏可能与其阻断TG Nav1.7上调的作用有关<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">13</xref>］</sup>。通过使用脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide， LPS）诱导大鼠产生TMJ炎症后可通过NF-κB信号通路p-p65激活大鼠TG内的卫星胶质细胞，促进TG神经元中Nav1.7的表达上调，从而调控大鼠TMJ炎性痛<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>，表明Nav1.7的表达可能受到炎症调控，并参与疼痛信号的传导，阻断Nav1.7可能成为治疗TMJ疾病疼痛的新靶点。</p></sec><sec id="s1b"><label>1.2</label><title>钾离子通道与肌肉疲劳</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">钾通道在调节肌肉细胞膜电位和兴奋性中也起重要作用，Kir维持静息膜电位，其功能障碍可导致肌细胞复极化延迟，可能与TMD相关的肌肉疲劳和慢性疼痛有关。有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>表明激活钾离子通道的药物（如Retigabine）可能通过增强复极化改善肌肉耐力，但需进一步研究其在TMDM中的适用性。电压门控型钾离子通道 （voltage-gated potassium channels， Kv）1.3在免疫细胞中高度表达，在免疫反应和炎症中起关键作用，尤其是在自身免疫性疾病和慢性炎症性疾病中。在OA动物模型中，施用Kv1.3阻滞剂（stichodactyla toxin， ShK）通过抑制M1巨噬细胞极化和减少炎症因子的产生，在体内显著抑制软骨变性和滑膜炎症，并开发了一种转基因工程人脐带间充质干细胞（human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells， HUCMSC）递送系统，该系统将肽ShK分泌到关节腔中。表明Kv1.3是关节炎的潜在治疗靶点<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">15</xref>］</sup>。通过向大鼠TMJ注射CFA诱导TMJ炎症，利用免疫反应性荧光金标记鉴定TMJ传入神经，发现颞下颌关节发炎的大鼠Kv1.4和髓鞘纤维标志物小/中直径三叉神经节神经元的平均数量显著降低l<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">16</xref>］</sup>。表明TMJ炎症降低了中/小Aδ纤维和C纤维TRG神经元中Kv1.4亚基的表达，导致TMJ疾病中的三叉神经炎性异常性疼痛。这些结果表明Kv通道开放剂可能是预防机械性异常性疼痛的潜在治疗剂。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2"><label>2</label><title>离子通道在TMJ-关节相关疾病中的作用</title><sec id="s2a"><label>2.1</label><title>瞬态受体电位通道（transient receptor potential channels， TRP通道）与TMJ-关节炎症性疼痛</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">伤害感受器是专门的感觉受体，可检测有害刺激并启动疼痛反应。在TMJ疾病的情况下，位于TMJ内的伤害感受器在疼痛感知中起着至关重要的作用<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>］</sup>。各种因素会激活这些伤害感受器，包括炎症介质、机械应力和组织损伤<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">18</xref>］</sup>。近年来，越来越多的研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>］</sup>表明，TRP通道在关节中发挥抗炎和镇痛作用，同时参与维持其正常的生理功能。几项研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>］</sup>表明不同TRP通道亚型在TMJ中的表达，并在TMJ内的感觉神经纤维、软骨细胞和滑膜细胞中检测到瞬态受体电位香草蛋白1（transient receptor potential vanilloid 1， TRPV1）和TRPV4、TRP强血蛋白1（the TRP ankyrin 1， TRPA1）和其他TRP通道。TRPV1对热、辣椒素和炎症介质极其敏感，已在TMJ区域的感觉神经纤维中被发现。这些神经末梢中TRPV1的激活可能导致与TMJ疾病相关的疼痛感<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref>］</sup>。TRPV1参与炎症反应，尤其是其对热刺激的反应性，使其成为连接疼痛和炎症的关键纽带。在骨关节炎中，TRPV1主要在感觉神经元中表达，有助于疼痛感知和传递。它在炎症介质的刺激下被激活，导致疼痛敏感性增加。此外，TRPV1激活导致促炎细胞因子的释放，进一步加剧炎症反应。因此，骨关节炎中TRPV1的机制包括其在神经系统内的分布及其在疼痛传递和炎症反应中的复杂调节作用。近年来的研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>］</sup>表明，在第21天接受CFA注射模型的小鼠中，TMJ中TRPV1的表达表现出增加。这些研究强调了TRPV1通道在关节炎中的相关性，它们显著促进了疾病的疼痛和炎症特征，这些发现突出了靶向TRPV1的潜力，为颞下颌骨关节炎治疗策略的开发提供了有前途的方法。</p><p>TRPV4是Ca<sup>2+</sup>可渗透的非选择性阳离子通道<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">20</xref>］</sup>，在各种组织中表达，对渗透变化、机械刺激和温度及低渗条件和小分子化合物等刺激做出反应，也在TMJ内的软骨细胞和滑膜细胞中被发现<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref>］</sup>。先前的研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">22</xref>］</sup>表明，TRPV4通道参与调节软骨细胞的机械转导和代谢平衡，其功能异常可能与TMJ骨关节炎的发生有关。因此，它在颞下颌骨关节炎疼痛的产生和疾病进展中起着重要作用。有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>表明TMD患者的关节液中TRP通道表达上调，与关节疼痛程度正相关，提示其可作为潜在治疗靶点。</p></sec><sec id="s2b"><label>2.2</label><title>钾离子通道与关节炎症性疼痛</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">钾通道是数量最多、最多样化和分布最广的离子通道超家族。钾通道曾被视为“无辜的旁观者”，但可以被药理学利用来抵消因其他离子通道的适应不良活动而引起的神经元过度兴奋，而钾通道越来越被视为可以直接促进疼痛发病机制的关键参与者<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">23</xref>］</sup>。事实上，越来越多的研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">24</xref>］</sup>报告了特定钾通道亚基功能降低与神经元过度兴奋和疼痛感的发展之间的因果关系。包括Kv、双孔钾通道和内向整流钾通道（inward rectifying potassium channels， Kir）等亚型。Kv1.1可直接被机械力激活（如膜拉伸或低渗刺激），通过抑制神经元兴奋性调节机械痛阈值。Kv1.2调控神经损伤通过长链非编码RNA和G9a甲基转移酶沉默Kv1.2表达，导致神经元超兴奋性和疼痛敏感。Kv2.1形成非导电的膜簇结构，参与内质网-质膜连接的形成，调控蛋白质运输和钙稳态。与“沉默亚基”（Kv5、Kv6、Kv8、Kv9）形成异源多聚体，改变通道的电压依赖性和动力学特性，并在神经损伤中下调，导致神经元自发放电增加和疼痛超敏。</p><p>双孔钾通道功能缺失可能导致机械和温度敏感性疼痛。Kir4.1在卫星胶质细胞中表达，维持静息膜电位和钾离子缓冲；其功能丧失导致神经元超兴奋性和面部疼痛。而Kir3则通过G蛋白偶联介导阿片类药物的脊髓镇痛作用，基因多态性与人类疼痛表型相关。通过向大鼠TMJ注射CFA诱导TMJ炎症，发现TMJ炎症导致中小型Aδ/C-TRG神经元中Kv1.4亚基的表达降低，这可能导致TMJ疾病中的三叉神经炎性异常性疼痛<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">25</xref>］</sup>。将CFA注射到TMJ中产生时间依赖性痛觉过敏，通过以剂量依赖性方式注射CBS抑制剂O-羧甲基（Carboxymethyl） 羟胺半盐酸盐（hydroxylamine hemihydrochloride， AOAA） ，发现纤维机械刺激的大鼠逃逸阈值降低证明，说明AOAA在TMJ区域的应用减少了TGs中H<sub>2</sub>S的产生，并逆转了增强的神经过度兴奋性并增加了TG神经元的IK电流，表明内源性H<sub>2</sub>S生成酶CBS在TMJ炎症中起重要作用，有助于减轻或缓解TMJ疼痛<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">25</xref>］</sup>。对大鼠注射CFA诱导TMJ炎症，并通过双氯芬酸钠和甲氯芬酸等NSAIDS激活KCNQ/Kv7，研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">26</xref>］</sup>结果表明，中枢敏化参与炎症性TMJ疼痛，通过激活神经元KCNQ/M通道控制中枢过度兴奋的药物干预可能对TMDs具有治疗潜力，提示开放KCNQ/Kv7通道可能有利于缓解TMJ紊乱病的疼痛。钾离子通道通过多种机制调控疼痛信号，其非经典功能（如机械敏感性、表观遗传调控和通道簇形成）为疼痛病理机制和靶向治疗提供了新视角。未来研究可聚焦于开发亚型特异性调节剂，以改善疼痛管理。</p></sec><sec id="s2c"><label>2.3</label><title>机械敏感通道与关节损伤</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">机械敏感离子通道（mechanosensitive ion channe， Piezo1）感知关节机械应力，Piezo1由骨组织和关节组织表达，在感应各种类型的机械应力、包括流体剪切应力、静压和膜拉伸方面起主要作用。最近的研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">27</xref>］</sup>表明，Piezo1通过将机械刺激转化为生化信号来调节成骨细胞的分化、增殖和迁移，从而调节骨骼重塑，在表达软骨细胞中下调Piezo1可以保护软骨细胞免受流体剪切应力诱导的骨关节炎病变的影响，其异常激活可促进软骨细胞凋亡和基质降解，加速髁突退行性变。TMJ的过度负荷是TMJ骨关节炎发展的重要因素，导致软骨退化。负荷过大诱发TMJ骨关节炎的具体机制尚不完全清楚。然而机械激活离子通道起着至关重要的作用。在这些通道中，Piezo1已被确定为软骨细胞分解代谢反应的介质，并且在颞下颌骨关节炎中显著增加<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">28</xref>］</sup>。Piezo1通过诱导钙离子内流介导软骨细胞中的内质网应激。有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">29</xref>］</sup>证实了Piezo1作为介导软骨细胞过载的关键离子通道的作用，并阐明了过度负荷、细胞凋亡和钙离子通过Piezo1内流之间的联系，强调了Piezo1是TMJ骨关节炎发病机制的关键参与者<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">30</xref>］</sup>，为潜在治疗过度负荷所致TMJ骨关节炎干预措施提供了新的思路。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><label>3</label><title>离子通道在TMJ相关疾病疼痛传导中的作用</title><p>在疼痛感知方面，多种离子通道参与TMD疼痛的传导和调控。Nav1.7和Nav1.8在伤害性感受器中高表达，其功能增强可能导致痛觉过敏。TRPV1通道作为重要的痛觉感受器，在TMD患者的关节滑膜组织中表达上调<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">31</xref>］</sup>，可能与慢性疼痛的发生有关。一项关于动物模型的研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>］</sup>显示草沙利铂诱发的冷性异痛在外周疼痛通路中Nav1.6起关键作用，揭示了Nav1.6通道在不同疼痛通路中的作用。有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>表明，在TMJ炎性痛中，TG中的Nav1.7与发炎的TMJ的异常性疼痛有关，表明Nav1.7的表达可能受到炎症调控，并参与疼痛信号的传导，阻断Nav1.7可能成为治疗TMJ疾病疼痛的新靶点。此外，有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>］</sup>表明黄体酮治疗以剂量依赖性方式可以减轻发炎的TMJ的异常性疼痛，并抑制炎症诱导的卵巢切除大鼠的<italic>Nav1.7</italic> mRNA和蛋白表达，同时孕激素受体拮抗剂RU-486部分逆转了孕酮对炎症性颞下颌关节及颞下颌关节炎诱导的<italic>Nav1.7 </italic>mRNA和蛋白表达的影响，表明孕酮通过调节三叉神经节的 Nav1.7，可能是一种有前途的预防炎症性TMJ疼痛的药物<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>。有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>］</sup>表明在TMJ发炎大鼠中前列腺素E2可上调TG Nav1.7的表达，导致大鼠TMJ炎性疼痛，说明前列腺素E2是TMJ炎症性疼痛中Nav1.7的重要调节因子，这可能有助于加深对TMJ周围炎症痛觉过敏的理解，并开发一种解决TMJ炎症性疼痛的新策略。在TMJ发炎大鼠中用Cx43阻滞剂预处理可以减轻机械性高伤害感受，抑制卫星胶质细胞（satellite glial cells， SGCs）活化和IL-1β释放，从而阻断Nav1.7的上调，这进一步说明通过间隙连接蛋白43（connexin 43，Cx43）传播SGCs激活在TMJ炎症诱导的Nav1.7参与的机械性高伤害感受中起关键作用，表明Nav1.7参与发炎的TMJ痛觉过敏取决于SGC中Cx43的功能，实验结果可能有助于进一步了解间隙连接在高度伤害感受中的作用，并开发一种处理TMJ炎症相关疼痛的新策略<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">32</xref>］</sup>。</p></sec><sec id="s4"><label>4</label><title>结语与展望</title><p>离子通道作为细胞兴奋性和信号传导的关键分子，在TMD的发生、发展及疼痛传导中发挥着多层面的调控作用。电压门控钠通道（如Nav1.7）、钾通道（如Kv1.3、KCNQ/Kv7）、TRP通道（如TRPV1、TRPV4）及机械敏感性通道（如Piezo1）在TMJ相关肌肉功能异常、关节退行性变和慢性疼痛中扮演关键角色。研究表明，这些通道不仅参与咀嚼肌的兴奋-收缩耦联和疲劳进程，更通过介导关节炎症、软骨基质降解及伤害性信号传递，成为连接病理刺激与细胞功能异常的分子枢纽。展望未来，随着对离子通道结构、功能及其在TMD局部微环境中动态调控机制的深入理解，针对特定离子通道的靶向干预策略有望为TMD治疗开辟新路径。一方面，基于通道亚型的选择性调节剂（如Nav1.7阻断剂、Kv7开放剂、Piezo1抑制剂）在动物模型中已展现出通过抑制神经源性炎症、调控软骨代谢稳态来缓解TMD疼痛和延缓关节退变的潜力，具备良好的临床转化前景；另一方面，结合单细胞测序、类器官模型及基因编辑技术，可进一步揭示通道在TMD不同阶段、不同细胞类型中的特异性表达与功能状态，为实现个体化、精准化治疗提供理论依据。未来研究应聚焦于通道调控网络的整合机制、通道与炎症/机械信号的交互作用，以及靶向药物的关节腔递送效率与安全性评估，以推动离子通道基础研究向临床治疗的有效转化。</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>参考文献</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation publication-type="thesis" publication-format="print"><person-group><string-name>沈振国</string-name></person-group>. <article-title>海马体神经元ZIP12参与颞下颌关节骨关节炎所致焦虑样行为的机制研究</article-title>［D］. <publisher-loc>合肥</publisher-loc>： <publisher-name>安徽医科大学</publisher-name>， 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